本文選題：農(nóng)村　切入點(diǎn)：飲用水　出處：《中國(guó)疾病預(yù)防控制中心》2012年碩士論文

【摘要】：通過調(diào)查掌握昌平區(qū)農(nóng)村飲用水供水系統(tǒng)基本情況和水質(zhì)現(xiàn)狀,參照WHO推廣的《飲水安全計(jì)劃》中的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評(píng)估方法對(duì)農(nóng)村集中式供水系統(tǒng)存在的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)進(jìn)行識(shí)別和評(píng)估,確定關(guān)鍵風(fēng)險(xiǎn)點(diǎn)并提出控制措施,以達(dá)到保障農(nóng)村生活飲用水衛(wèi)生安全的目的。 目的 通過對(duì)昌平區(qū)農(nóng)村飲用水系統(tǒng)基本情況調(diào)查,掌握本區(qū)域內(nèi)的飲用水水源、供水方式、水質(zhì)等現(xiàn)狀；掌握昌平區(qū)農(nóng)村集中式供水設(shè)施、水質(zhì)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)狀況；開展農(nóng)村飲用水風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評(píng)估和飲水安全計(jì)劃試點(diǎn)研究,為今后提高昌平區(qū)農(nóng)村飲用水衛(wèi)生管理提供參考。 方法 在掌握昌平區(qū)農(nóng)村飲水現(xiàn)狀基礎(chǔ)上,隨機(jī)抽取以地下水為源水的40個(gè)集中式供水農(nóng)村水廠進(jìn)行飲水風(fēng)險(xiǎn)研究,并在枯、豐水期分別檢測(cè)40個(gè)水廠的出廠水和末梢水,將水質(zhì)檢測(cè)結(jié)果與現(xiàn)場(chǎng)衛(wèi)生學(xué)調(diào)查想結(jié)合進(jìn)行分析,找出昌平區(qū)農(nóng)村飲水的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)點(diǎn),提出控制措施；在其基礎(chǔ)上選擇一個(gè)水廠進(jìn)行飲水安全計(jì)劃試點(diǎn),并對(duì)控制效果進(jìn)行評(píng)估。 結(jié)果 1.昌平區(qū)飲用水現(xiàn)狀：以地面水為原水的水廠覆蓋人口僅占總?cè)丝诘?.15%,；以地下水為水源的水廠覆蓋總?cè)丝诘?9.85%；飲用集中式供水的人口占99.99%,其中,完全處理、部分處理和未處理,覆蓋人口分別占68.63%、7.79%和23.57%；飲用分散式供水的村2個(gè),人口僅42人,全部為人力取水。 2.調(diào)查40個(gè)水廠,風(fēng)險(xiǎn)存在比例最高的是無(wú)消毒記錄、無(wú)過濾沉淀設(shè)施、無(wú)衛(wèi)生許可證、無(wú)水廠設(shè)計(jì)資料,另外維修后管道不及時(shí)沖洗、取水深小于100米、用戶使用儲(chǔ)水器具、有儲(chǔ)水池或水塔、消毒設(shè)施沒有或未使用、徹底清洗頻率一年以上、無(wú)管水人員操作規(guī)范等因素發(fā)生比例也在50%左右。 3.全年共采集生活飲用水樣品160件,總體合格率為47.50%,出廠水樣品80件,枯水期和豐水期各40件,合格率為50%；末梢水樣品80件,枯水期和豐水期各40件,合格36件,合格率為45%。除大腸菌群、大腸埃希氏菌、渾濁度、總硬度、汞、氟化物、硝酸鹽氮、鐵、鋅超標(biāo)外,其余檢測(cè)指標(biāo)符合衛(wèi)生標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。渾濁度、總硬度、氟化物、硝酸鹽氮、鐵、鋅有1-4件超標(biāo)現(xiàn)象；5個(gè)安裝有消毒設(shè)施的水廠,消毒劑余量不符合標(biāo)準(zhǔn)要求。 4.不同因素對(duì)水質(zhì)影響：在水源影響因素中井深對(duì)出廠水水質(zhì)的影響顯著(x2=11.667,P=0.001)；有儲(chǔ)水池或水塔對(duì)出廠水水質(zhì)影響無(wú)顯著性差異,(x2=0.808,P=0.5)；是否安裝消毒設(shè)施對(duì)出廠水水質(zhì)合格率影響有顯著性,無(wú)消毒設(shè)施的水廠水質(zhì)合格率明顯低于有消毒設(shè)施的水廠水質(zhì)合格率,(x2=8.811,P=0.012)；但枯豐水期的出廠水和末梢水水質(zhì)合格率均無(wú)顯著差異。 5.選定昌平陽(yáng)坊水廠實(shí)施飲水安全計(jì)劃,試點(diǎn)研究過程中發(fā)現(xiàn)了三個(gè)對(duì)水質(zhì)影響較大的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)因素,針對(duì)發(fā)現(xiàn)的問題制定了矯正措施。通過增加巡查等方式,降低了水源污染風(fēng)險(xiǎn)；加強(qiáng)消毒與消毒劑余量的檢測(cè),保障了水中的消毒劑余量；建立了清水池等清洗消毒制度和管網(wǎng)巡查制度；建立了飲水突發(fā)事件應(yīng)急預(yù)案。實(shí)施飲水安全計(jì)劃前一年陽(yáng)坊水廠檢測(cè)965項(xiàng)次,合格942項(xiàng)次,合格率98.0%；實(shí)施后檢測(cè)464項(xiàng)次,合格項(xiàng)目464項(xiàng)次,合格率100%。 結(jié)論 通過評(píng)估了解了我區(qū)農(nóng)村以地下水為水源的集中式供水風(fēng)險(xiǎn)；在此基層上實(shí)施飲水安全計(jì)劃后提高了水質(zhì)保障率。
[Abstract]:Through the investigation of drinking water supply system of Changping District rural basic situation and current situation of water quality, according to the risk assessment method of water safety plan > WHO < in the promotion of risk identification and assessment of rural centralized water supply system, determine the key risk points and puts forward the control measures to ensure drinking water safety in rural areas.
objective
Through the investigation on the basic situation of rural drinking water system in Changping District, grasp the source of drinking water, the area of the water supply, water quality status; master in rural areas in Changping District water supply facilities, water quality risk; carry out risk assessment of rural drinking water and drinking water safety plan pilot study, provide a reference for future improvement of rural drinking water hygiene management in Changping District.
Method
In the mastery of drinking water in rural areas of Changping District on the basis of the status quo, randomly selected as source water to groundwater 40 centralized water supply in rural waterworks of drinking water risk, and in the dry and wet period were detected in 40 water treated water and tap water, the water quality test results and field survey to analyze, find out the Changping District rural drinking water the risk and control measures are put forward; on the basis of a water drinking water safety plan, and to evaluate the control effect.
Result
Changping District 1.: the status of drinking water with surface water as raw water, water covered population accounted for only 0.15% of the total population,; groundwater water covers 99.85% of the total population; centralized drinking water accounted for 99.99% of the population, among them, complete the processing part of the treated and untreated, covering a population accounted for 68.63%, 7.79% and 23.57%; drinking decentralized water supply in the village of 2, a population of only 42 people, all for human intake.
The 2. survey of 40 water, there is no risk of the highest proportion of disinfection records, no precipitation filtration facilities, no health permit, no plant design data, also after maintenance is not timely pipeline flushing, water depth less than 100 meters, the user water storage apparatus, a storage tank or a water tower, no disinfection facilities or use. A thorough cleaning frequency for more than a year, factors of no water management staff operating norms of proportion is around 50%.
3. the total acquisition of drinking water in 160 samples, the overall pass rate was 47.50%, the factory water samples 80, dry season and wet season 40, the qualified rate is 50%; the peripheral water samples 80, dry season and wet season 40, 36 qualified, a pass rate of 45%. in Escherichia coli Echte, flora, bacteria, turbidity, total hardness, mercury, fluoride, nitrate, iron, zinc and other indexes exceed the standard, conform to the hygiene standards. The turbidity, total hardness, fluoride, nitrate, iron, zinc 1-4 exceed the standard 5 installation; disinfection facilities of water, disinfectant does not meet the standard requirements.
4. effect of different factors on water quality in water: the influence factors on the effect of water depth significantly (x2=11.667, P=0.001); a water storage tank or water tower had no significant difference on water quality influence, (x2=0.808, P=0.5); whether the installation of disinfection facilities are significant to the water quality of water passing rate influence water quality of the water quality of water disinfection facilities without qualification rate was significantly lower than the qualified rate of disinfection facilities, (x2=8.811, P=0.012); but the dry wet period of finished water and tap water quality compliance rate showed no significant difference.
5. selected Changping Yangfang waterworks to implement water safety plan, the pilot study found in three large impact risk factors on water quality, according to the problems found in the correction measures. By increasing inspections, reduce water pollution risk; to strengthen the detection of disinfection and disinfectant, disinfectant water security is established; the water tank cleaning and disinfection system and network inspection system; establish contingency plans for emergencies. The implementation of drinking water safety plan a year before the Yangfang water testing 965 items, 942 items of qualified, qualified rate was 98%; 464 were detected after the implementation of the project qualified 464 times, the qualified rate of 100%.
conclusion
Through evaluation, the risk of centralized water supply with groundwater as water source in the rural areas of China is understood, and the water quality assurance rate has been improved after the implementation of the water safety program at the grass-roots level.

【學(xué)位授予單位】：中國(guó)疾病預(yù)防控制中心
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2012
【分類號(hào)】：R123.1

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