本文選題：農(nóng)藥　切入點(diǎn)：農(nóng)藥使用現(xiàn)狀　出處：《昆明醫(yī)科大學(xué)》2012年碩士論文

【摘要】：研究背景隨著世界各國農(nóng)業(yè)的飛速發(fā)展,農(nóng)藥在農(nóng)業(yè)中扮演著越來越重要的角色。我國農(nóng)藥市場農(nóng)藥種類繁多,農(nóng)藥廣泛應(yīng)用于農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn),農(nóng)藥的使用量逐年增加,農(nóng)藥的使用在減少病蟲害、保障農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn),增加農(nóng)民收入的同時(shí),也帶來了若干健康問題,包括在噴灑農(nóng)藥的過程中農(nóng)民缺乏安全防護(hù)意識(shí)、蔬菜水果及環(huán)境中農(nóng)藥殘留問題、引起急慢性中毒和由于農(nóng)藥殘留所致的食品安全問題,這些問題對(duì)人體健康構(gòu)成了嚴(yán)重威脅。因此,安全合理地使用農(nóng)藥,減少農(nóng)藥對(duì)環(huán)境的污染,減少農(nóng)產(chǎn)品中的農(nóng)藥殘留是一項(xiàng)十分重要的公共衛(wèi)生問題。它不僅直接關(guān)系著人們的身體健康和生命安全,而且還嚴(yán)重影響著經(jīng)濟(jì)和社會(huì)的穩(wěn)定發(fā)展。目前我國對(duì)農(nóng)藥使用狀況及其健康問題的大部分研究主要針對(duì)有機(jī)氯、有機(jī)磷等傳統(tǒng)農(nóng)藥進(jìn)行蔬菜瓜果殘留的檢測、環(huán)境的監(jiān)測、以及對(duì)發(fā)生急性中毒的人群進(jìn)行生化檢驗(yàn)和流行病學(xué)調(diào)查,對(duì)氨基甲酸酯、擬除蟲菊酯類等新型農(nóng)藥的健康影響研究甚少。本研究依托于國際山地綜合發(fā)展中心課題《喜馬拉雅東部地區(qū)土地利用變遷和人類健康的生態(tài)系統(tǒng)方法研究》,通過在云南省元謀縣開展農(nóng)藥使用狀況和相應(yīng)健康問題的調(diào)查,在一定程度上填補(bǔ)了國內(nèi)這一方面研究的不足,對(duì)提高農(nóng)民安全施用低毒低殘留農(nóng)藥,加強(qiáng)食品安全和環(huán)境保護(hù)有著十分重要的意義。 研究目的本研究旨在通過深入調(diào)查元謀縣農(nóng)村當(dāng)前使用農(nóng)藥的狀況及其相關(guān)的健康問題,為元謀縣有關(guān)部門加強(qiáng)對(duì)農(nóng)藥的監(jiān)管,提高元謀縣農(nóng)民安全使用農(nóng)藥的意識(shí)和行為,進(jìn)一步減少農(nóng)藥對(duì)身體和環(huán)境的危害,為促進(jìn)元謀縣農(nóng)村居民的健康發(fā)展提供科學(xué)依據(jù)。 研究方法本研究中采用的方法包括文獻(xiàn)和有關(guān)農(nóng)藥的政策法規(guī)的收集和分析；對(duì)農(nóng)戶、醫(yī)務(wù)人員、農(nóng)藥銷售商的個(gè)人深入訪談;在公卓和怕郎兩個(gè)村采用圖像話語技術(shù)(photo voice technique),邀請并培訓(xùn)16戶農(nóng)戶使用相機(jī)和表格記錄種植一季番茄使用農(nóng)藥的情況；收集農(nóng)戶使用的農(nóng)藥包裝袋(瓶)并整理分析；對(duì)這16戶農(nóng)戶的督導(dǎo)和農(nóng)藥使用情況的補(bǔ)充調(diào)查；對(duì)收集到的照片的整理分析等。 研究結(jié)果研究發(fā)現(xiàn),自2001年元謀縣被評(píng)為“全國無公害蔬菜生產(chǎn)基地”以來,元謀縣各屆縣政府對(duì)農(nóng)藥的銷售、使用的監(jiān)管都高度重視,但農(nóng)藥濫用問題卻依然存在。主要表現(xiàn)在以下五個(gè)方面：對(duì)禁用高毒農(nóng)藥銷售監(jiān)管不嚴(yán)格；高毒農(nóng)藥及其相關(guān)政策法規(guī)的宣傳效果不明顯；新一代農(nóng)藥對(duì)人體健康的危害仍然存在；病蟲害綜合防治(integrated Pest Management,IPM)培訓(xùn)對(duì)改善農(nóng)戶不合理使用農(nóng)藥的行為效果不明顯；農(nóng)戶使用多種農(nóng)藥,農(nóng)藥的噴灑次數(shù)過于頻繁；盡管存在著如此多樣的問題,元謀縣政府以及相關(guān)農(nóng)業(yè)部門現(xiàn)行開展的關(guān)于農(nóng)藥的宣傳教育活動(dòng)并不能從根本上解決這些問題,因此如何提高農(nóng)民合理、安全的使用農(nóng)藥的行為,減少對(duì)于人群健康的影響與對(duì)農(nóng)村環(huán)境的污染是當(dāng)前面臨的一個(gè)重大挑戰(zhàn)。 建議元謀縣政府和相關(guān)農(nóng)業(yè)部門應(yīng)該繼續(xù)加強(qiáng)對(duì)高毒農(nóng)藥銷售、使用的監(jiān)督管理,采取多種多樣的方式宣傳農(nóng)藥對(duì)健康和環(huán)境的影響及相關(guān)政策法規(guī),加大力度宣傳新一代農(nóng)藥對(duì)身體健康的影響,加強(qiáng)對(duì)農(nóng)戶安全使用農(nóng)藥的培訓(xùn)及改善IPM培訓(xùn)的內(nèi)容,改變農(nóng)民使用農(nóng)約時(shí)不采取安全防護(hù)措施的行為。
[Abstract]:With the rapid development of the world ' s agriculture , the research background plays a more and more important role in agriculture .

The purpose of this study is to investigate the current situation of pesticide in Yuanmou County and its related health problems , strengthen the supervision of pesticide in the relevant departments of Yuanmou County , improve the awareness and behavior of farmers ' safe use of pesticides in Yuanmou County , further reduce the harm of pesticide to body and environment , and provide scientific basis for promoting the healthy development of rural residents in Yuanmou County .

The methods used in this study include collection and analysis of literature and policy regulations on pesticides ;
Personal in - depth interviews with farmers , medical personnel and pesticide vendors ; photo voice technique was adopted in both villages of Gongzhuo and fear Lang , and 16 households were invited and trained to use cameras and forms to record the use of pesticides in the first season .
collecting pesticide packaging bags ( bottles ) used by farmers and sorting and analyzing ;
Supplementary investigation on the supervision of the 16 households and the use of pesticides ;
a collation analysis of the collected photographs , etc .

The results of the study found that since Yuanmou County was rated as " National Pollution - free Vegetable Production Base " in 2001 , the government of Yuanmou County has attached great importance to the regulation of the sale and use of pesticides , but the problem of pesticide abuse still exists .
The propaganda effect of high - toxic pesticides and their related policies and regulations is not obvious ;
The harm of new generation of pesticide to human health still exists ;
Integrated Pest Management ( IPM ) training has no obvious effect on improving farmers ' unreasonable use of pesticides ;
Multiple pesticides are used for farmers , and the spraying times of pesticides are too frequent ;
Despite this diversity of issues , the ongoing activities of the Government of the Yuanmou County and the relevant agricultural sector on pesticide publicity and education cannot fundamentally solve these problems , so how to improve farmers ' rational and safe use of pesticides , reduce the impact on the health of the population and the pollution to the rural environment are a major challenge currently facing .

It is suggested that the government and relevant agricultural departments of Yuanmou County should continue to strengthen the supervision and administration of the sale and use of high - toxic pesticides , publicize the effects of pesticides on health and environment and relevant policies and regulations in various ways , increase efforts to promote the impact of new generation of pesticides on health , strengthen the training of farmers ' safe use of pesticides and improve the content of IPM training , and change the behaviors of farmers who do not adopt safety protection measures when using the farmers .

【學(xué)位授予單位】：昆明醫(yī)科大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2012
【分類號(hào)】：R139

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