本文選題：不同　切入點(diǎn)：環(huán)境　出處：《華中科技大學(xué)》2013年博士論文

【摘要】：環(huán)境空氣顆粒是環(huán)境污染的最重要指標(biāo),空氣顆粒物(particulate matter, PM)是分散在空氣中的固態(tài)或液態(tài)顆粒狀物質(zhì)。常見的為可吸入顆粒物(PM10)和細(xì)顆粒物(PM2.5)。既往研究顯示,PM的暴露量與人群呼吸系統(tǒng)疾病的發(fā)病率和死亡率升高密切相關(guān),PM暴露可導(dǎo)致呼吸系統(tǒng)疾病的發(fā)生與加重；PM還可誘導(dǎo)氣道的防御反應(yīng),如增加黏液分泌和增加支氣管高反應(yīng)性,加重氣道不完全可逆性阻塞。這些呼吸系統(tǒng)的改變可通過肺功能的改變反應(yīng)出來。 肺功能是反映肺和呼吸道功能狀態(tài)的重要指標(biāo),生產(chǎn)環(huán)境空氣顆粒物的接觸水平及時(shí)間對(duì)肺功能的影響已有報(bào)道,但社區(qū)環(huán)境空氣顆粒物對(duì)肺功能的影響報(bào)道甚少,為比較不同類型環(huán)境空氣顆粒物對(duì)肺功能的影響,我們選擇了武漢2個(gè)社區(qū)和某陶瓷企業(yè),在進(jìn)行環(huán)境空氣顆粒物監(jiān)測(cè)和研究對(duì)象人群肺功能檢查的基礎(chǔ)上,探討環(huán)境顆粒物接觸水平及時(shí)間對(duì)肺功能的影響程度,并為評(píng)價(jià)社區(qū)環(huán)境顆粒物呼吸系統(tǒng)危害提供基礎(chǔ)數(shù)據(jù)。 研究結(jié)果顯示武漢社區(qū)環(huán)境空氣顆粒物PM10的濃度介于0.034～0.444mg/m3,平均為0.173±0.080mg/m3,PM2.5為0.031～0.319mg/m3,平均為0.106±0.049mg/m3。PM10和PM2.5均遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)超過國(guó)家《環(huán)境空氣質(zhì)量標(biāo)準(zhǔn)》(GB3095-2012)對(duì)居住區(qū)環(huán)境空氣年平均濃度限值(PM10：0.070mg/m3,PM2.5：0.035mg/m3)要求,說明武漢市環(huán)境空氣顆粒物污染嚴(yán)重。 研究顯示漢陽地區(qū)年均顆粒物PM10和PM2.5濃度均略高于漢口地區(qū),具體比較不同季節(jié)環(huán)境空氣顆粒物濃度,發(fā)現(xiàn)漢口秋季環(huán)境空氣顆粒物PM10、PM2.5和春季PM2.5濃度高于漢陽地區(qū)外,其余各季節(jié)的PM10及PM2.5為漢陽地區(qū)高于漢口地區(qū)。一年之內(nèi)各季節(jié)比較,漢陽地區(qū)秋冬季PM2.5水平明顯高春夏季,而PM10以夏季最低,其余春、秋、冬三季的PM10水平接近。漢口地區(qū)環(huán)境空氣顆粒水平的變化趨勢(shì)與漢陽地區(qū)類似,秋冬季的PM2.5明顯高于春季和夏季,PM10也以夏季最低,其余三季水平接近。分析原因,可能與氣象條件有很大的關(guān)系。由于武漢地理環(huán)境和氣候的影響,春、夏季的地表溫度高于秋冬季的地表溫度,在地表與大氣之間溫差會(huì)影響空氣的流動(dòng)速度,因此春、夏天的空氣擴(kuò)散會(huì)較大；此外,武漢地區(qū)春、夏季雨水較多,可降低環(huán)境空氣中顆粒物的水平。秋冬季的燃燒和取暖也是PM升高的可能原因 生產(chǎn)過程產(chǎn)生的顆粒物濃度遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)高于社區(qū)環(huán)境空氣顆粒物濃度,即使在陶瓷企業(yè)采取各種措施降低粉塵濃度后,陶瓷廠工種場(chǎng)所的評(píng)價(jià)顆粒物濃度是社區(qū)的15倍以上。 通過對(duì)武漢社區(qū)和某陶瓷企業(yè)年齡、性別匹配的各800名人群進(jìn)行肺功能測(cè)定,結(jié)果顯示陶瓷企業(yè)工人的肺功能主要指標(biāo)均低于社區(qū)人群,陶瓷廠肺功能障礙比例(85.5%)高于武漢社區(qū)(51.5%),肺通氣障礙以限制性通氣障礙最多,推測(cè)與顆粒物粉塵暴露引起肺部炎性反應(yīng)或纖維化,導(dǎo)致肺順應(yīng)性降低有關(guān)。按《勞動(dòng)能力鑒定--職工工傷與職業(yè)病致殘等級(jí)》(GB/T16180-2006)排定肺功能損傷,結(jié)果陶瓷企業(yè)肺功能損傷比例(76.5%)也高于社區(qū)居民(26.9%),差異具有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。說明高水平生產(chǎn)顆粒物對(duì)肺功能損傷更為嚴(yán)重。 本課題在環(huán)境顆粒物監(jiān)測(cè)基礎(chǔ)上進(jìn)行其對(duì)肺功能影響的研究,為全面評(píng)價(jià)空氣顆粒物的健康危害提供了基礎(chǔ)數(shù)據(jù)。
[Abstract]:Ambient air particles are the most important indicators of environmental pollution, the air particles (particulate matter PM) is a solid or liquid particles dispersed in the air. Common respirable particulate matter (PM10) and fine particles (PM2.5). Previous studies have demonstrated that elevated PM exposure and respiratory system diseases the morbidity and mortality is closely related to PM exposure can cause the occurrence of respiratory diseases and aggravating; PM can induce airway defense reaction, such as increased mucus secretion and increased bronchial hyperresponsiveness, airway aggravated irreversible obstructive reaction. These respiratory changes through changes in lung function.
Lung function is an important indicator of lung and respiratory function status, exposure level and time of production of ambient air particulate matter effect on lung function have been reported, but the community ambient air particles effect on lung function has been rarely reported. In order to compare the effects of different types of ambient air particles on lung function, we chose Wuhan 2 a community and a ceramic enterprises, based on the examination of ambient air particulate matter monitoring and research subjects of lung function, to explore the ambient particulate exposure level and time influence on lung function, and to provide basic data for evaluation of the environmental hazards of particulate community respiratory system.
The results showed that the concentration of ambient air particles between the Wuhan community PM10 0.034 ~ 0.444mg/m3, the average was 0.173 + 0.080mg/m3, PM2.5 = 0.031 ~ 0.319mg/m3, the average was 0.106 + 0.049mg/m3.PM10 and PM2.5 were far more than the national ambient air quality standard > > (GB3095-2012) limits the residential area environmental air annual average concentration (PM10:0.070mg/m3, PM2.5:0.035mg/m3) Wuhan City, ambient air particulate matter pollution.
The research shows that Hanyang area average particle PM10 and PM2.5 concentrations were slightly higher than that in Hankou, the comparison of different seasonal ambient air particulate matter concentration, found in Hankou ambient air particles of PM10, PM2.5 and PM2.5 in spring was higher than in Hanyang area, PM10 PM2.5 and the rest of the season for the Hanyang area is higher than that within a year the Hankou area. Season, in autumn and winter in Hanyang PM2.5 level was significantly higher in spring and summer, while PM10 is the lowest in summer, the rest of the spring, autumn, winter three season PM10 level close to the Hankou area. The changes of the levels of ambient air particles and the Hanyang area is similar to that of the autumn and winter of PM2.5 was significantly higher than that in spring and summer, PM10 is the lowest in summer, the rest the three quarter level close. To analyze the reasons, have a great relationship with meteorological conditions. The effects of Wuhan geographical environment and climate in spring, the surface temperature of surface temperature in summer than in autumn and winter. The temperature difference between the surface and the atmosphere will affect the velocity of air flow. Therefore, the air diffusion in spring and summer will be larger. Besides, in spring and summer, there will be more rain in Wuhan, which can reduce the level of particulate matter in the ambient air. The burning and heating in autumn and winter is also a possible reason for the increase of PM.
The concentration of particulates produced during the production process is much higher than that of the ambient air particles in the community. Even when ceramic enterprises take various measures to reduce the dust concentration, the particle concentration in the workplace of ceramic factories is 15 times higher than that in the community.
Through to the Wuhan community and a ceramic enterprises of the 800 age, gender matched groups underwent pulmonary function test, the results show that the main indexes of lung function were lower than that of ceramic enterprise workers community, ceramics factory (85.5%) is higher than the proportion of lung dysfunction in Wuhan community (51.5%), pulmonary ventilation dysfunction with restrictive ventilatory disorder most, and that particles of dust exposure can cause lung inflammation or fibrosis, resulting in decreased lung compliance. According to the "labor ability appraisal -- work related injuries and occupation disease disability level > (GB/T16180-2006) scheduled for pulmonary function injury, the pulmonary function injury rate of ceramic enterprises (76.5%) is higher than that of community residents (26.9%), the difference was statistically significant. The high level production of particles on lung function damage is more serious.
On the basis of environmental particle monitoring, the research on the effect of the lung function on the environmental particles provides the basic data for the comprehensive evaluation of the health hazards of air particles.

【學(xué)位授予單位】：華中科技大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2013
【分類號(hào)】：R122

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