過量酒精加重腦卒中損傷的機(jī)制研究
[Abstract]:Stroke, also known as stroke, cerebrovascular accident, is a sudden onset of cerebral blood circulation disorders, including subarachnoid hemorrhage, cerebral embolism and cerebral hemorrhage. Stroke poses a great threat to human health and life, with high incidence, high disability rate (as high as 75%), high mortality and high recurrence rate. About 30% of the survivors are permanently disabled and 20% of them are unable to take care of themselves, which not only makes them extremely painful, but also affects their families and society. Epidemiological studies have shown that long-term high-dose drinking is a major risk factor for various types of stroke and may exacerbate the brain damage caused by cerebral ischemia.
Alcohol intake is closely associated with stroke. Moderate alcohol intake can protect against the effects of high alcohol intake, which can be harmful. Long-term excessive drinking reduces the activity of brain neurons and leads to deterioration of brain function. The most common cause of death is complications associated with cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases. Whether high alcohol intake affects the prognosis and future survival of stroke patients remains unclear, and its molecular mechanisms remain to be elucidated. Other studies suggest that long-term exposure to alcohol can be achieved by increasing oxidative stress or decreasing the expression of brain glycoside sulfotransferase in the liver to reduce glucosinolate levels in the serum. Although these theories can explain the harm of excessive alcohol, the specific molecular targets for the pathogenesis of alcohol are still unclear. Alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) and aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) are the main metabolites in the body. Alcohol dehydrogenase decomposes ethanol into acetaldehyde. Aldehyde dehydrogenase can catalyze acetaldehyde to produce nontoxic acetic acid and eventually produce carbon dioxide and water to be excreted from the body. Alcohol can be quickly decomposed at high levels, and the central nervous system of alcohol has less toxic effects; while aldehyde dehydrogenase deficient people, acetaldehyde accumulated in large quantities, resulting in drunken symptoms.
Aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 (ALDH2), an enzyme in the process of alcohol metabolism, has relatively few reports on the role of stroke. Previous studies in our laboratory have shown that activating ALDH2 can alleviate ischemic brain damage. 4-hydroxy-2-nonenoaldehyde (4-HNE) has been shown to be a risk factor for assessing stroke in stroke-prone hypertension. The protective effect of ALDH2 is achieved by eliminating excessive 4-HNE in the brain. However, excessive alcohol consumption can lead to a sudden increase in acetaldehyde levels in the systemic circulation. Acetaldehyde is more toxic than ethanol, which may have a relative effect on ALD after alcoholism. The function of H2.
In order to better understand the role of ALDH2 in the pathogenesis of alcoholism, we used ALDH2 inhibitor/activator or gene knockout/overexpression methods to explore its possible mechanisms and hypothesized that long-term high-dose drinking could aggravate stroke injury, which was inhibited by accumulation of toxic aldehydes. The activity of aldehyde dehydrogenase is regulated and its downstream signal pathway is realized.
(1) high dose of alcohol aggravates the damage of cerebral ischemia.
Long-term high-dose alcohol could increase the infarct size of MCAO (34.4%+4.8% vs 27.0%+4.6% in vehicle, P 0.01), and high-dose alcohol could significantly shorten the survival time of SHR-SP in stroke-prone hypertensive rats and make them die earlier.
(2) high dose alcohol changed the distribution of ALDH2 isoelectric point in brain and reduced the activity of brain enzymes.
Compared with the control group, the distribution of ALDH2 isoelectric point in the brain of SD rats fed with high dose alcohol for a long time was changed and the activity of ALDH2 isoelectric point was inhibited (62%+21% vs 100%+17% in vehicle, P 0.01), but the activity in the liver was not inhibited. There was no difference in the amount of expression.
(3) large doses of alcohol aggravate brain damage by increasing the aldehyde accumulation in the brain of animals with cerebral ischemia.
The contents of ethanol and acetaldehyde in serum and brain tissues of rats were detected by headspace gas chromatography coupled with flame ionization detector. The contents of aldehydes such as 4-HNE and MDA were detected by ELISA, Western Blotting and immunohistofluorescence. However, after cerebral ischemia, the contents of these substances increased significantly, and the accumulation of these toxic substances was aggravated by alcohol. Acetaldehyde could directly damage neurons and increase the area of cerebral infarction (46.0% + 3.6% vs 29.7% + 3.2%, P 0.01).
(4) activation of ALDH2 can abolish the effect of high-dose alcohol on cerebral ischemia.
The primary cultured neurons were induced to apoptosis by OGD for 12 hours, and the apoptosis rate was detected by TUNEL. Ethanol (300 mu M) aggravated the damage of apoptosis. Alda1 (10 mu M), an agonist of ALDH2, attenuated the injury by 30% and eliminated the further aggravation of apoptosis by ethanol. The antagonist Cya (1mM) had the opposite effect as Alda (64.4% + 4.82% vs 45.4% + 4.32% withethan). The results of flow cytometry showed the same trend. The infarct size and neurological function score of SD rats were also validated.
(5) overexpression of ALDH2 abolished the effect of alcohol on cerebral ischemia.
The transfection efficiency was confirmed by stereotactic injection of lentivirus overexpressing ALDH2 into the brain of SD rats. After overexpression of the virus, the ALDH2 protein was up-regulated by 63% and the protein was down-regulated by 73% after gene silencing. Ethanol can increase the area of cerebral infarction. Overexpression of ALDH2 can reduce the area of infarction and cancel the aggravating effect of excessive alcohol on cerebral infarction.
(6) high dose ethanol can reduce the combination of ALDH2 and PKC epsilon.
PKC EPS ilon is one of the important proteins in the upstream of ALDH2. Ethanol can activate PKC EPS ilon and phosphorylate it in a certain range in direct proportion to the dose and time. However, high dose ethanol can reduce the binding of ALDH2 to PKC EPS ilon. Conclusion: Our results show that high dose ethanol can inhibit ALDH2 activity by increasing aldehyde accumulation. Sex at the same time reduced the combination of ALDH2 and PKC epsilon to aggravate brain damage.
【學(xué)位授予單位】:第二軍醫(yī)大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】:博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】:2014
【分類號】:R743.3
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