1902年霍亂在中國的流行
發(fā)布時(shí)間：2018-09-09 10:31
【摘要】： 清末是中國疾病史上的重要?dú)v史時(shí)期,其時(shí)由于人口數(shù)量激增,山區(qū)等地的盲目無組織開發(fā)破壞了人與環(huán)境的平衡等原因,使其成為傳染病多發(fā)時(shí)期。光緒二十八年,在世界霍亂大流行的背景下,中國亦發(fā)生了嚴(yán)重的霍亂疫情。統(tǒng)觀有關(guān)研究,雖然有一定成果,但許多基礎(chǔ)的工作仍然沒有解決。筆者將在前人的基礎(chǔ)上,利用地方志、醫(yī)書、文集等資料,分湖廣地區(qū)、東南沿海與江南地區(qū)、華北及東北地區(qū)三個(gè)大的區(qū)域,采用以府為單位進(jìn)行疫病辨別的方法,對光緒二十八年霍亂在全國流行的區(qū)域、方式、路線以及霍亂流行的自然、社會背景做更深一步的研究,進(jìn)而探討此次霍亂的流行特點(diǎn)并討論流行病與國家社會的關(guān)系。 該年霍亂流行主要是沿運(yùn)河水網(wǎng)及交通路線傳播,同時(shí)隨著人的交往移動傳播各地。其重災(zāi)區(qū)為主要有三個(gè)大的區(qū)域:兩廣地區(qū),長江三角洲地帶和溫州府及其周邊地區(qū),華北平原冀魯交界地帶。由于各地自然、人文社會環(huán)境不同,各地疫情特點(diǎn)不盡相同。該年之所以發(fā)生霍亂大流行是環(huán)境與人口交互發(fā)生作用的結(jié)果。晚清時(shí)期因人口增多而導(dǎo)致的環(huán)境臟亂、氣候的異常及鐵路等現(xiàn)代交通方式的出現(xiàn)為該年霍亂暴發(fā)流行提供了環(huán)境大條件。從人的因素方面來講,晚清時(shí)期人口數(shù)量的急劇增加及人口密度的大幅上升是此次瘟疫暴發(fā)的重要原因;戰(zhàn)爭和匪亂等人禍亦會對霍亂的流行起到推波助瀾的作用,同時(shí)民眾不潔的飲食及生活習(xí)慣也是霍亂流行爆發(fā)的重要原因。 由于霍亂傳染性強(qiáng)、死亡率高,霍亂大流行對人民生活及社會生產(chǎn)乃至社會結(jié)構(gòu)的變遷產(chǎn)生了深刻影響,此次霍亂由于發(fā)生范圍廣,來勢兇猛,影響尤甚�；魜y發(fā)生后,造成了全國大量人口死亡,阻礙了各項(xiàng)經(jīng)濟(jì)活動的開展,社會各階層都受到影響。面對霍亂大流行的情況,普通民眾更多的是訴諸于精神慰藉,采取“驅(qū)避疫鬼”“求雨”等方式來應(yīng)對這場災(zāi)難,甚或官府亦如此。但另一方面,官府也利用其重要的影響力,在此次霍亂大流行的部分地區(qū)實(shí)行隔離審查等相關(guān)措施,于京師設(shè)醫(yī)局,并頒布了一些有益衛(wèi)生健康的政令,體現(xiàn)了其對科學(xué)醫(yī)療衛(wèi)生觀念的接納。其時(shí)西醫(yī)雖無力與傳統(tǒng)中醫(yī)抗衡,但畢竟使民眾對西醫(yī)有了一定的了解和接觸,這種接觸使得民眾的排斥抵抗情緒逐漸發(fā)生轉(zhuǎn)變并最終推動了公共衛(wèi)生觀念的確立和衛(wèi)生防疫體系的建立。因此從這一意義上說,傳染病的暴發(fā)流行促使了現(xiàn)代醫(yī)療衛(wèi)生體系的建立。
[Abstract]:The late Qing Dynasty was an important historical period in the history of Chinese diseases. At that time, due to the population explosion, the blind and unorganized development in mountainous areas and other places destroyed the balance between human beings and the environment, which made it a period of frequent infectious diseases. The author will use local chronicles, medical books, anthologies and other data to divide Huguang area, southeast coastal and Jiangnan area, north and northeast area into three large areas, using the method of identifying epidemic diseases based on the government as a unit and Guangxu 28-year-old Huo. A further study of the endemic areas, patterns, routes, and natural and social backgrounds of the cholera epidemic will be conducted to explore the epidemic characteristics and discuss the relationship between the epidemic and the national community.
The cholera epidemic spread mainly along the canal water network and traffic routes, and along with the movement of people. The major disaster areas were three major areas: the Guangdong-Guangdong region, the Yangtze River Delta, Wenzhou Prefecture and its surrounding areas, and the Hebei-Shandong border area in the North China Plain. The epidemic was caused by the interaction of environment and population. In the late Qing Dynasty, the environmental disorder caused by the increase of population, the abnormal climate and the appearance of modern transportation modes such as railways provided great environmental conditions for the outbreak of cholera. The dramatic increase in population and population density during the epidemic period were the main reasons for the outbreak. Man-made disasters such as wars and banditry would also contribute to the epidemic of cholera. At the same time, people's unclean diet and living habits were also important reasons for the outbreak.
Because cholera is highly infectious and has a high mortality rate, the cholera pandemic has a profound impact on people's lives, social production and even changes in social structure. The cholera outbreak, due to a wide range of ferocity, has a particularly serious impact. After the cholera outbreak, a large number of people died in the country, hindering the development of various economic activities, and all sectors of society. In the face of the cholera pandemic, ordinary people resort to more spiritual comfort, take "evading the ghosts" and "praying for rain" to deal with the disaster, or even the government, but on the other hand, the government also used its important influence, in some areas of the cholera pandemic isolation censorship and other related. At that time, western medicine was unable to compete with traditional Chinese medicine, but after all, people had a certain understanding and contact with Western medicine. This contact made people gradually change their feelings of rejection and resistance and eventually push forward. In this sense, the outbreak of infectious diseases has promoted the establishment of modern medical and health systems.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：中國海洋大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2008
【分類號】：R181.3
本文編號：2232128
[Abstract]:The late Qing Dynasty was an important historical period in the history of Chinese diseases. At that time, due to the population explosion, the blind and unorganized development in mountainous areas and other places destroyed the balance between human beings and the environment, which made it a period of frequent infectious diseases. The author will use local chronicles, medical books, anthologies and other data to divide Huguang area, southeast coastal and Jiangnan area, north and northeast area into three large areas, using the method of identifying epidemic diseases based on the government as a unit and Guangxu 28-year-old Huo. A further study of the endemic areas, patterns, routes, and natural and social backgrounds of the cholera epidemic will be conducted to explore the epidemic characteristics and discuss the relationship between the epidemic and the national community.
The cholera epidemic spread mainly along the canal water network and traffic routes, and along with the movement of people. The major disaster areas were three major areas: the Guangdong-Guangdong region, the Yangtze River Delta, Wenzhou Prefecture and its surrounding areas, and the Hebei-Shandong border area in the North China Plain. The epidemic was caused by the interaction of environment and population. In the late Qing Dynasty, the environmental disorder caused by the increase of population, the abnormal climate and the appearance of modern transportation modes such as railways provided great environmental conditions for the outbreak of cholera. The dramatic increase in population and population density during the epidemic period were the main reasons for the outbreak. Man-made disasters such as wars and banditry would also contribute to the epidemic of cholera. At the same time, people's unclean diet and living habits were also important reasons for the outbreak.
Because cholera is highly infectious and has a high mortality rate, the cholera pandemic has a profound impact on people's lives, social production and even changes in social structure. The cholera outbreak, due to a wide range of ferocity, has a particularly serious impact. After the cholera outbreak, a large number of people died in the country, hindering the development of various economic activities, and all sectors of society. In the face of the cholera pandemic, ordinary people resort to more spiritual comfort, take "evading the ghosts" and "praying for rain" to deal with the disaster, or even the government, but on the other hand, the government also used its important influence, in some areas of the cholera pandemic isolation censorship and other related. At that time, western medicine was unable to compete with traditional Chinese medicine, but after all, people had a certain understanding and contact with Western medicine. This contact made people gradually change their feelings of rejection and resistance and eventually push forward. In this sense, the outbreak of infectious diseases has promoted the establishment of modern medical and health systems.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：中國海洋大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2008
【分類號】：R181.3
【引證文獻(xiàn)】
相關(guān)期刊論文 前4條
1 蘇全有;鄒寶剛;;中國近代疾病史研究的回顧與反思[J];遼寧醫(yī)學(xué)院學(xué)報(bào)(社會科學(xué)版);2011年02期
2 蘇全有;鄒寶剛;;近年來中國近代防疫史研究綜述[J];遼寧醫(yī)學(xué)院學(xué)報(bào)(社會科學(xué)版);2012年01期
3 單麗;;從1902年霍亂傳播模式看清末北方社會[J];中國歷史地理論叢;2011年04期
4 楊祥銀;王少陽;;《海關(guān)醫(yī)報(bào)》與近代溫州的疾病[J];浙江學(xué)刊;2012年04期
相關(guān)博士學(xué)位論文 前1條
1 單麗;清代古典霍亂流行研究[D];復(fù)旦大學(xué);2011年
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