發(fā)布時(shí)間：2018-04-20 23:30

  本文選題：血吸蟲病 + 釘螺�。� 參考：《復(fù)旦大學(xué)》2009年碩士論文

【摘要】： 日本血吸蟲病是一種嚴(yán)重危害人群健康的人獸共患寄生蟲病,近幾年疫情出現(xiàn)了反彈。釘螺是日本血吸蟲的唯一中間宿主,是血吸蟲病流行傳播的關(guān)鍵環(huán)節(jié);大型三峽水庫的擴(kuò)建、全球氣候變暖等生態(tài)環(huán)境改變有可能引起釘螺的擴(kuò)散從而形成新的流行區(qū)。釘螺生態(tài)學(xué)特別是螺口動(dòng)力學(xué)可以為制定控制釘螺策略提供依據(jù)。本文動(dòng)態(tài)觀察新時(shí)期下釘螺種群螺口變化情況,內(nèi)容涉及釘螺分布、微環(huán)境影響因素、種群密度和結(jié)構(gòu)等方面。 第一部分釘螺分布狀態(tài)的動(dòng)態(tài)分析 目的探索釘螺分布的動(dòng)態(tài)變化,為釘螺生態(tài)學(xué)及螺口動(dòng)力學(xué)提供理論依據(jù)。 方法在2007.10-2008.10選擇湖南省岳陽市君山區(qū)洞庭湖的一塊草灘及在2008.2～2009.2選擇普格縣城附近的一塊“爛包”為現(xiàn)場(chǎng),分別進(jìn)行系統(tǒng)和隨機(jī)抽樣查螺,實(shí)驗(yàn)室壓螺鑒定死活后分框計(jì)數(shù)。首先計(jì)算中位數(shù)、四分位間距及聚集度指標(biāo)等進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計(jì)描述,然后擬合負(fù)二項(xiàng)分布、對(duì)數(shù)正態(tài)分布,指數(shù)分布等不同的分布類型以探索不同時(shí)間點(diǎn)的釘螺分布狀態(tài)。結(jié)果觀察期間各月份釘螺的分布基本上為正偏態(tài)分布,湖南釘螺的中位數(shù)分別為7、9、1、0、3、4和1(只/0.01m~2),四川分別為6.5、4.5、3、4.0、4.0、4.0、4.0、2.0、11.0、3.O、1.0、1.0和2.0(只/0.01m~2);方差基本大于均數(shù);聚集性指數(shù)隨密度變化,變化方向兩地不一。湖南水退初期10月份的釘螺數(shù)據(jù)對(duì)幾種分布均不能較好擬合,11月份的釘螺分布呈對(duì)數(shù)正態(tài)分布,2008年4月份的釘螺分布同時(shí)符合負(fù)二項(xiàng)分布和指數(shù)分布,其它月份的釘螺分布均呈負(fù)二項(xiàng)分布;四川2008年6月份、10月份、12月份及2009年2月不符合負(fù)二項(xiàng)分布,其它連續(xù)型分布也不能有效擬合,其余月份符合負(fù)二項(xiàng)分布。結(jié)論釘螺分布不是單一的負(fù)二項(xiàng)分布,可能存在著與密度有關(guān)的一種動(dòng)態(tài)變化,有待于提出新的、更廣義的分布模型來更好地反映這種動(dòng)態(tài)變化。 第二部分釘螺分布微環(huán)境影響因素研究 目的探索釘螺分布與微環(huán)境因素之間的關(guān)系,為生態(tài)滅螺、控制血吸蟲病流行提供依據(jù)。方法現(xiàn)場(chǎng)選擇及抽樣同第一部分,查螺同時(shí)測(cè)量部分植被蓋度、土表溫度,并采集約30g土樣。實(shí)驗(yàn)室壓螺鑒定死活并分框記數(shù)、測(cè)量土壤含水量、土壤pH值。首先計(jì)算中位數(shù)、方差、最小值、最大值等指標(biāo)描述釘螺及影響因素分布情況,然后繪制釘螺與影響因素間的散點(diǎn)圖并做Spearman秩相關(guān)分析,最后擬合釘螺與因素間的單因素曲線模型、多因素廣義相加模型。結(jié)果湖南共查104框,四川為75框。湖南pH值為4.7～7.92,四川為4.88～7.77:植被蓋度湖南1%～96%,四川為1%～100%;土壤溫度湖南為14.5℃～32.7℃,四川為19.3℃～27.1℃;土壤含水量湖南為0.07～2.00,四川為0.14～0.85。擬合釘螺與因素散點(diǎn)圖發(fā)現(xiàn)兩地趨勢(shì)不同,Spearman秩相關(guān)分析多數(shù)顯示無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。擬合釘螺密度與各因素間曲線模型,校正r~2均在0.9左右。多因素廣義相加模型擬合發(fā)現(xiàn)湖區(qū)植被蓋度沒有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義,其它因素兩地均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義,在扣除線性及其它因素的影響下各微環(huán)境因素與釘螺間曲線關(guān)系表現(xiàn)與單因素?cái)M合有所不同;兩地因素對(duì)釘螺分布相對(duì)影響表現(xiàn)不同。結(jié)論湖南和四川釘螺與影響因素間關(guān)系不同,釘螺分布與因素間為平滑函數(shù)關(guān)系,不能簡(jiǎn)單采用負(fù)二項(xiàng)回歸或其它線性回歸模型擬合:兩地應(yīng)采取不同策略來改變釘螺生態(tài),進(jìn)而遏制釘螺的繁殖和擴(kuò)散。 第三部分釘螺種群生態(tài)觀察 目的探索自然生態(tài)環(huán)境下釘螺不同月份密度及新老構(gòu)成等分布變化,為控制釘螺擴(kuò)散和防治血吸蟲病提供指導(dǎo)依據(jù)。方法現(xiàn)場(chǎng)選擇及抽樣方法同第一部分,測(cè)量釘螺體型、性別、死活等,分框計(jì)數(shù);解剖釘螺生殖腺做電鏡觀察。繪制釘螺密度及死亡率曲線、釘螺體型分布圖及雌雄分布圖;分別采用身長(zhǎng)≥5mm區(qū)分四川成螺、幼螺和螺旋5旋區(qū)分湖南成螺、幼螺,繪制不同時(shí)間成螺、幼螺分布圖,描述生殖腺微觀變化分布情況。結(jié)果湖南現(xiàn)場(chǎng)釘螺活螺密度整體趨于下降趨勢(shì),死亡率保持較高水平。幼螺全年基本存在,但比例保持較低比例,沒有形成世代交替。雌雄構(gòu)成無明顯差異。生殖腺5月份卵巢較萎縮,8月份水下卵巢極度萎縮,雄性生殖腺變化不明顯。電鏡發(fā)現(xiàn)大雪冰凍天氣和水淹下釘螺生殖腺有明顯變化。四川釘螺釘螺密度動(dòng)態(tài)波動(dòng),2008.10達(dá)到最高,此時(shí)出現(xiàn)較高比例幼螺并行成世代交替。死亡率保持較低水平,雌雄構(gòu)成無明顯差異。釘螺生殖腺5月份卵巢較豐滿,8月份極度飽滿,9月份開始萎縮,11月份生殖腺極度萎縮;電鏡未發(fā)現(xiàn)生殖腺有明顯變化。結(jié)論湖南持續(xù)大雪冰凍天氣可能對(duì)釘螺生態(tài)有一定影響。釘螺密度整體趨于下降且沒有形成新老交替。四川在10月份左右形成新老交替,釘螺種群呈動(dòng)態(tài)平衡;微觀電鏡發(fā)現(xiàn)大雪冰凍天氣及水淹對(duì)釘螺生殖腺有明顯影響。鑒于不同生態(tài)結(jié)構(gòu),應(yīng)采取相應(yīng)策略開展滅螺措施以防止血吸蟲病流行。
[Abstract]:Schistosomiasis is a kind of human zoonosis that seriously endangering the health of the population. The epidemic situation has rebounded in recent years. Oncomelania Snail is the only intermediate host of Schistosoma japonicum and the key link in the spread of schistosomiasis. The expansion of the large Three Gorges reservoir, the global warming and other ecological environment changes may cause the spread of Oncomelania snails. A new epidemic area was formed. The ecology of Oncomelania Snail ecology, especially the spiral mouth dynamics, could provide a basis for the formulation of the control strategy of Oncomelania snails. This paper dynamically observed the changes of the snails in the snail population under the new period, including the distribution of Oncomelania snails, the influence factors of microenvironment, the population density and structure.
The dynamic analysis of the distribution of Oncomelania hupensis in part 1
Objective to explore the dynamic distribution of Oncomelania hupensis and provide theoretical basis for the ecology and dynamics of snails.
Methods a "rotten bag" in the Dongting Lake of Junshan District, Yueyang, Hunan, and a "rotten bag" in the vicinity of pug county from 2008.2 to 2009.2 were selected as the site. The distribution of Oncomelania Snail Distribution at different time points was investigated by statistical description. The distribution of Oncomelania Snail Distribution at different time points was investigated by fitting negative two distribution, logarithmic normal distribution and exponential distribution. The distribution of Oncomelania snails was basically positive partial distribution during the observation period. The median of Oncomelania snails in Hunan were divided into 7,9,1,0,3,4 and 1 (only /0.01m~2), and 6.5 in Sichuan, respectively. 4.5,3,4.0,4.0,4.0,4.0,2.0,11.0,3.O, 1.0,1.0 and 2 (only /0.01m~2); the variance is basically greater than the average number; the aggregation index changes with the density, the change direction is different. The Oncomelania snails data in the early October of Hunan water retreat can not fit well. In November, the snail distribution is lognormal distribution, and the snail distribution in April 2008 is the same. According to the negative two distribution and index distribution, the distribution of Oncomelania snails in the other months showed negative two distribution; Sichuan in June 2008, October, December and February 2009 did not meet the negative two distribution, the other continuous distribution could not be fitted effectively, the rest of the month conformed to the negative two distribution. Conclusion the distribution of Oncomelania snails is not a single negative two distribution, possible. There is a dynamic change related to density. A new and more general distribution model is needed to better reflect this dynamic change.
The second part is about the factors affecting the distribution microenvironment of Oncomelania hupensis.
Objective to explore the relationship between the distribution of Oncomelania snails and microenvironmental factors, and to provide the basis for ecologically snail control and control of schistosomiasis epidemic. Method site selection and sampling are the same as the first part of the snail. In the same time, some vegetation coverage, soil surface temperature and 30g soil samples are measured at the same time. Value. First, calculate the median, variance, minimum value, maximum value and other indicators to describe the distribution of Oncomelania and influence factors, then draw the scatter plot between Oncomelania and influence factors and do Spearman rank correlation analysis. Finally, we fit the single factor curve model between Oncomelania and factors, and the multi factor generalized additive model in Hunan, and Sichuan is 75. Frame. Hunan pH value is 4.7 ~ 7.92, Sichuan is 4.88 ~ 7.77: vegetation coverage Hunan 1% ~ 96%, Sichuan is 1% to 100%; soil temperature in Hunan is 14.5 to 32.7, Sichuan is 19.3 C ~ 27.1, Hunan is 0.07 ~ 2 in soil water content, Sichuan as a fitting snails and factor scatter plot of Sichuan to 0.85. is different, Spearman rank correlation analysis Most showed no statistical significance. Fitting the density of Oncomelania snails with the curve model of each factor was about 0.9. The fitting of multi factor generalized additive model found that the vegetation coverage of the lake area was not statistically significant, the other factors were statistically significant, and the micro environmental factors and the snail curves under the influence of linear and other factors were deducted. The relationship performance is different from the single factor fitting; the two land factors have different influence on the distribution of Oncomelania snails. Conclusion the relationship between Oncomelania and Oncomelania hupensis in Hunan and Sichuan is different. The distribution of Oncomelania snails is a smooth function relationship between the distribution and factors of oncomelania, and it can not be simply fitted with negative two regression or other linear regression models: the two places should adopt different strategies to change The Oncomelania hupensis ecology will be changed to control the propagation and spread of snails.
Ecological observation of the third part of Oncomelania Snail population
Objective to explore the distribution changes of Oncomelania and new and old components of Oncomelania snails in natural ecological environment, and to provide guidance for controlling the spread of Oncomelania hupensis and preventing schistosomiasis. Method site selection and sampling methods were used in the first part to measure the size of Oncomelania snails, sex and death, and to dissect the reproductive gland of Oncomelania Snail. The curve of the degree and mortality, the distribution map of Oncomelania hupensis and the female and male distribution map, using the body length more than 5mm to distinguish the snail from Sichuan, the young snails and the spiral 5 swirl to distinguish Hunan into the snail and the young snail. The distribution diagram of the young snails at different time, the distribution of the young snails, and the distribution of the reproductive gland were described. The results showed that the living snail density in the Oncomelania snails tended to decline and died in Hunan. The percentage of young snail remained relatively high, but the proportion of young snail existed throughout the year, but the proportion remained low. There was no generation of generation alternation. There was no obvious difference between male and female. In May, the ovary of the gonadal gland was atrophy, the subaqueous ovary atrophied in August, and the male reproductive gland was not changed obviously. The electron microscope found that the freezing weather of heavy snow and the reproductive gland of the Oncomelania snails were obviously changed. Four The dynamic fluctuation of screw bolt density in Sichuan was highest in 2008.10. At this time, there was a higher proportion of young snails and generations alternately. The mortality remained low and the female and male composition had no significant difference. The Oncomelania gonanus gland was plump in May, August was extremely full, September began to atrophy, and the gonadal gland atrophied in November; the reproductive glands were not found in the electron microscope. It is obvious that the continuous heavy snow and freezing weather in Hunan may have a certain influence on the Oncomelania snails ecology. The density of Oncomelania snails tends to decline and does not form a new and old alternation. Sichuan formed a new old and old alternation in October, and the population of Oncomelania snails has a dynamic balance. Microscopic electron microscopy found that snow and freezing weather and water flooding have obvious influence on the reproductive gland of Oncomelania snails. Different ecological structure should adopt corresponding strategies to prevent snail epidemic.

【學(xué)位授予單位】：復(fù)旦大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2009
【分類號(hào)】：R184

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