本文選題：三峽工程　切入點(diǎn)：鼠密度　出處：《華中科技大學(xué)》2008年碩士論文

【摘要】： 目的 課題的目的是通過(guò)現(xiàn)場(chǎng)流行病學(xué)和血清流行病學(xué)調(diào)查,研究三峽工程三期蓄水完成后對(duì)壩區(qū)自然疫源性疾病的影響,為制定壩區(qū)自然疫源性疾病防治對(duì)策提供依據(jù),在此基礎(chǔ)上預(yù)測(cè)水庫(kù)建設(shè)后可能出現(xiàn)的環(huán)境醫(yī)學(xué)問(wèn)題,并進(jìn)行綜合評(píng)價(jià)預(yù)測(cè),提出對(duì)策,為建立大型水利樞紐工程對(duì)環(huán)境和生態(tài)安全評(píng)價(jià)提供科學(xué)依據(jù)。 方法 1.在三峽壩區(qū)范圍內(nèi)具備有支溝小溪及回水區(qū)域的居民點(diǎn)中,我們?cè)诖髩紊嫌蔚拿┢烘?zhèn)、太平溪鎮(zhèn),下游的三斗坪鎮(zhèn)、樂(lè)天溪鎮(zhèn)隨機(jī)抽取了銀杏沱村、龍?zhí)镀捍�、石板村、沙坪�?個(gè)自然村作為調(diào)查點(diǎn),2006年5月、9月份和2007年5月、9月份四次分別進(jìn)行調(diào)研。采用夾夜法觀察了鼠密度和種類(lèi),并收集三峽生態(tài)環(huán)境監(jiān)測(cè)中心歷年相關(guān)資料作為參比。 2.采集壩區(qū)鼠肺161份,鼠肺采集后放入液氮罐冷凍保存待檢。直接免疫熒光法檢測(cè)鼠肺EHF抗原。收集庫(kù)區(qū)歷年鼠肺出血熱病毒陽(yáng)性率和鼠密度資料,應(yīng)用SPSS13.0統(tǒng)計(jì)軟件包進(jìn)行相關(guān)性分析。酶聯(lián)免疫吸附法檢測(cè)壩區(qū)健康人群血清流行性出血熱EHFV-IgG抗體。 3.進(jìn)行并殖吸蟲(chóng)病現(xiàn)場(chǎng)流行病學(xué)調(diào)查和血清流行病學(xué)調(diào)查。采用酶聯(lián)免疫吸附試驗(yàn)(Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assays, ELISA)檢測(cè)人群血清并殖吸蟲(chóng)IgG抗體,同時(shí)對(duì)當(dāng)?shù)厝巳哼M(jìn)行問(wèn)卷調(diào)查。調(diào)查壩區(qū)并殖吸蟲(chóng)第二中間宿主溪蟹密度及其種群構(gòu)成,沉渣鏡檢溪蟹的并殖吸蟲(chóng)囊蚴。數(shù)據(jù)采用Excel2003進(jìn)行處理分析。統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)處理用SPSS13.0統(tǒng)計(jì)軟件進(jìn)行感染率、構(gòu)成比的計(jì)算、卡方檢驗(yàn)、相關(guān)分析、確切概率法。 4.我們從相關(guān)部門(mén)獲得了三峽壩區(qū)的太平溪鎮(zhèn)、三斗坪鎮(zhèn)、樂(lè)天溪鎮(zhèn)、茅坪鎮(zhèn)、鄧村的歷年相關(guān)傳染病疫情資料(1991～2006),并進(jìn)行了分析匯總。其中,太平溪鎮(zhèn)和茅坪鎮(zhèn)位于大壩上游的左右兩側(cè),樂(lè)天溪鎮(zhèn)和三斗坪鎮(zhèn)位于大壩下游的左右兩側(cè),而鄧村位于遠(yuǎn)離大壩的區(qū)域。 結(jié)果 1. 2007年壩區(qū)平均鼠密度為10.88%,5月份和9月份鼠密度分別為10.03%、11.71%,兩者差異無(wú)顯著性(χ2=2.11, P =0.147);室內(nèi)外鼠密度分別為16.70%、5.12%,室內(nèi)高于室外,差異有顯著性(χ2=188.57, P0.005),室內(nèi)鼠密度明顯高于室外;大壩上游鼠密度為13.06%,大壩下游鼠密度為10.51%,二者差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(χ2=8.21, P0.05),大壩上游明顯高于大壩下游。2007年全年鼠密度(10.88%),2006年全年鼠密度(5.61%),兩年度鼠密度差異有顯著性(χ2=58.54;P0.0001)。庫(kù)區(qū)歷史資料分析發(fā)現(xiàn),庫(kù)區(qū)蓄水前1年(2002年)和蓄水后一年(2004年)鼠密度顯著降低,蓄水后第二年(2005年)有所反彈,壩區(qū)鼠密度水平和庫(kù)區(qū)相當(dāng);鼠類(lèi)密度影響因素分析發(fā)現(xiàn),庫(kù)區(qū)歷年氣象因子平均值和農(nóng)田面積與鼠密度無(wú)相關(guān),兩者不是影響鼠密度變化的主要因素。 2.鼠肺漢坦病毒(Hantan virus,HV)感染率為9.32%,室內(nèi)鼠病毒感染率高于室外鼠;壩區(qū)EHF傳染源主要為家棲鼠。四個(gè)調(diào)查點(diǎn)的鼠肺陽(yáng)性率差異無(wú)顯著性;大壩上游和下游鼠肺感染率無(wú)顯著性差異。1998～2005年庫(kù)區(qū)歷史資料分析發(fā)現(xiàn),庫(kù)區(qū)鼠肺病毒感染率保持一個(gè)比較低的水平,但每隔4～5年有個(gè)小高峰。2003年水庫(kù)開(kāi)始蓄水時(shí),病毒感染率降至歷史最低點(diǎn)(0%),蓄水后一年開(kāi)始反彈恢復(fù)到蓄水前的感染水平。本次研究調(diào)查所獲得的壩區(qū)鼠肺感染率(9.32%)明顯高于庫(kù)區(qū)歷年水平。對(duì)庫(kù)區(qū)和壩區(qū)室內(nèi)外鼠密度和鼠肺感染率相關(guān)性檢驗(yàn)發(fā)現(xiàn),鼠肺感染率和室內(nèi)密度兩者間存在正相關(guān),有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。 3.從398份居民血清中,ELISA試驗(yàn)檢測(cè)出并殖吸蟲(chóng)IgG抗體陽(yáng)性3人,總的陽(yáng)性率為0.748%。3例陽(yáng)性均為男性學(xué)生,年齡分別是12歲、12歲、14歲,均無(wú)食蟹史,但均有經(jīng)常飲生水的習(xí)慣。樂(lè)天溪鎮(zhèn)陽(yáng)性率1.92%,其余三個(gè)點(diǎn)均無(wú)陽(yáng)性發(fā)現(xiàn)。調(diào)查人群中未發(fā)現(xiàn)具有典型臨床癥狀和體征的并殖吸蟲(chóng)病病人。398份問(wèn)卷調(diào)查顯示當(dāng)?shù)鼐用裆?半生食)溪蟹這一不正確的行為僅占1.6%;但喝生水很普遍,占58.4%。 4.痢疾和瘧疾是三峽壩區(qū)常見(jiàn)多發(fā)病,其它各種疾病的發(fā)病率均處于較低水平,各地區(qū)傳染病發(fā)病率沒(méi)有明顯不同。 結(jié)論 1.與庫(kù)區(qū)蓄水時(shí)調(diào)查結(jié)果比較,壩區(qū)鼠密度有所回升,且鼠密度處于較高水平;2007年鼠密度與2006年鼠密度相比有明顯上升,提示我們有必要適時(shí)采取滅鼠措施,防止鼠傳疾病的發(fā)生;并且出現(xiàn)壩上鼠密度高于壩下;同時(shí)發(fā)現(xiàn)鼠類(lèi)由室外向室內(nèi)轉(zhuǎn)移現(xiàn)象。 2.壩區(qū)2007年未發(fā)現(xiàn)人間疫情,結(jié)合宿主動(dòng)物中檢出低水平EHF病毒感染率,初步判定該地人間疫情處在低水平穩(wěn)定狀態(tài),屬于EHF潛在疫區(qū)。壩區(qū)健康人群隱性感染處于較低水平,大壩蓄水3年來(lái),生態(tài)環(huán)境變化未對(duì)壩區(qū)EHF宿主密度及人間感染產(chǎn)生影響,但我們要加強(qiáng)防疫和不定期全面滅鼠,防止EHF的流行和暴發(fā)流行。 3.本次并殖吸蟲(chóng)病流行病學(xué)調(diào)查結(jié)果顯示,三峽壩區(qū)為并殖吸蟲(chóng)中度疫源地。分析以往的資料來(lái)看,三峽建設(shè)12年來(lái),疫情和病媒感染均有下降,沒(méi)有發(fā)現(xiàn)對(duì)并殖吸蟲(chóng)病流行有明顯的影響。目前整個(gè)壩區(qū)人群與中間宿主溪蟹感染情況處于逐步下降的平穩(wěn)狀態(tài)。但并殖吸蟲(chóng)病是人獸共患寄生蟲(chóng)病,即使局部地區(qū)人群感染得到基本控制,但自然疫源地的存在,仍可引起新的流行。 4.我們尚不能得出三峽地區(qū)建壩后會(huì)導(dǎo)致各種自然疫源性疾病暴發(fā)流行的結(jié)論,然而只要疫源地存在和流行的條件具備,還是可能會(huì)出現(xiàn)大規(guī)模疫情發(fā)生,所以我們要提高警惕,做好各種預(yù)防和控制措施。
[Abstract]:objective
The purpose of this study is to through epidemiological and serological surveys, impact on the natural infectious diseases of the three stage storage of the three gorge project is completed, provide the basis for the development of the natural infectious diseases prevention, medical environment problems after reservoir construction can be predicted on the basis of this, and make a comprehensive evaluation and prediction, countermeasures and to provide a scientific basis for the establishment of a large water conservancy project on the environment and ecological security evaluation.
Method
1. in the Three Gorges Dam range have branch gully streams and backwater area residents in the US, in the upstream of the dam Maoping Town, Taiping Town, three downstream Sandouping Town, Lotte town were randomly selected from Ginkgo Tuo Cun, Longtan Village, stone village, 4 villages in Sha Ping Cun as now, in May 2006, September and May 2007, four times in September. Through the investigation. To observe the rat density and species by night trapping method and collect the Three Gorges ecological environment monitoring center information over the years as a reference.
2. the acquisition of rat lung in 161, lung collected in liquid nitrogen cryopreservation tank to be detected. Detection of EHF antigen in mouse lung by direct immunofluorescence. We collected the past pulmonary hemorrhagic fever virus positive rate and density data, using the SPSS13.0 statistical software package were analyzed. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in serum of the healthy people popular hemorrhagic fever EHFV-IgG antibody.
3. and conducting the survey and serological studies of paragonimiasis epidemiology. Using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assays, ELISA) detection of serum Paragonimus IgG, and conducted a questionnaire survey on the local population. Field investigations and constitute the second intermediate host of Paragonimus and population density of freshwater, freshwater and sediment microscopy metacercariae. Data are processed by Excel2003 analysis. Statistical analysis using SPSS13.0 statistical software to calculate the infection rate, constituent ratio, chi square test, correlation analysis, exact probability method.
4. we obtained from the relevant departments of the Three Gorges Dam in Taiping Town, three Doo Town, Lotte Town, Maoping Town, Deng village over the relevant data of epidemic situation of infectious diseases (1991~2006), and has carried on the analysis summary. Among them, Taiping Town, Maoping town is located in the upstream of the dam two side, Lotte Xi Zhen and three Doo Town is located in the downstream of the left and right sides, and Deng village is away from the dam area.
Result
For 1.2007 years the average rat density was 10.88%, in May and September the rat density were 10.03%, 11.71%, there was no significant difference (x 2=2.11, P =0.147); indoor rat density was 16.70%, 5.12% higher than that of outdoor, indoor, there was a significant difference (2=188.57, P0.005), indoor rat density was significantly higher than that of outdoor the rat density was 13.06%; the upstream and downstream of the dam rat density was 10.51%, there was significant difference between the two groups (2=8.21, P0.05),.2007 was significantly higher than that of upstream dam downstream of the dam year rat density (10.88%), 2006 (5.61%), the rat density was two year in density difference (x 2=58.54; P0.0001). In historical data analysis found that the reservoir 1 years ago (2002) and after the impoundment of a year (2004) the density of rats decreased significantly, after second years of storage (2005) rebound, the rat density level and a reservoir; rodent density analysis of influence factors The average value of meteorological factors and the area of farmland are not related to the rat density in the years of the reservoir area, and the two are not the main factors affecting the change of rat density.
2. rat pulmonary hantavirus (Hantan virus, HV) infection rate was 9.32%, the infection rate of rat virus is higher than the outdoor rats; EHF is the main source of infection in Rattus. The infective rate of mice among the four investigation points were no significant differences of the dam upstream and downstream; pulmonary infection rate had no significant difference between.1998 ~ 2005 in the historical data analysis found that the infection rate in the rat lung virus maintained at a relatively low level, but every 4~5 years there is a small peak in.2003 reservoir began filling, the virus infection rate dropped to the lowest point in history (0%), rebound back to storage infection level of water before beginning a year after the impoundment. This survey study in the dam pulmonary infection rate (9.32%) was significantly higher than that in previous years level. The rate of correlation test showed that the reservoir and dam indoor rat density and pulmonary infection, pulmonary infection rate and a positive correlation between the two indoor densities, there is statistical significance.
3. from 398 residents in serum, ELISA test for detection of Paragonimus IgG antibody positive 3, the total positive rate of 0.748%.3 positive cases were male students, aged 12, 12 years old, 14 years old, had no history of cynomolgus, but drank unboiled water habits. The positive rate of Lotte the town of 1.92%, the remaining three points were found. The typical clinical symptoms and signs of paragonimiasis patients.398 questionnaires showed local residents eating not found in the survey (undercooked crabs) this incorrect behavior accounted for only 1.6%; but the drinking water is very common, accounting for 58.4%.
4. dysentery and malaria are common diseases in the dam area of the Three Gorges, and the incidence of other diseases is at a low level, and the incidence of infectious diseases in each region is not significantly different.
conclusion
1. and when the reservoir water survey results, the rat density increased, and the density of rats at a high level in 2007 and 2006; the density of rats increased significantly compared with the density of rats, suggesting that it is necessary for us to take timely measures to prevent the occurrence of rodent control, rodent borne diseases; and the emergence of Bashang in higher density than under the dam; also found that the phenomenon of rodents from outside to inside.
In 2007 2. did not find the world epidemic situation, combined with a low level of EHF virus infection rate of detection of the host animal, the preliminary determination of the human epidemic in the low steady state, belonging to the EHF epidemic. The potential of the healthy people latent infection at a low level, the dam for 3 years, the ecological environment has no influence on the host EHF the density and human infection, but we have to strengthen prevention and regular comprehensive rodent, prevent EHF epidemic and outbreak.
3. of the epidemiological survey on paragonimiasis in the Three Gorges dam shows that for moderate foci of Paragonimus. The analysis of the previous data, the Three Gorges Construction for 12 years, the epidemic and disease vector infection were decreased, it does not have obvious effects on paragonimiasis epidemic. Currently the dam group and the intermediate host of infection the situation in the steady state gradually decreased. But the paragonimiasis is a zoonotic disease, even local infection under control, but the natural foci of existence would cause new epidemic.
4. we can't confirm that the area of the Three Gorges dam would lead to various natural infectious disease outbreaks conclusion, however as foci of existence and popular with, or there may be large outbreak, so we have to be vigilant, do all kinds of prevention and control measures.

【學(xué)位授予單位】：華中科技大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2008
【分類(lèi)號(hào)】：R181.3

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