發(fā)布時(shí)間：2018-06-13 05:48

  本文選題：藥物濫用 + 現(xiàn)況　； 參考：《南方醫(yī)科大學(xué)》2013年博士論文

【摘要】：據(jù)世界衛(wèi)生組織在2008年的估計(jì)：全球15～64歲的人口中,約3.5%至5.7%使用精神神經(jīng)性作用的物質(zhì)；2004年全球疾病負(fù)擔(dān)中約有0.7%是因使用可卡因和鴉片類藥物等所引起；在一些國家中,使用非法物質(zhì)而花費(fèi)的社會(huì)開支占該地區(qū)國民生產(chǎn)總值的2%左右�？梢娝幬餅E用的廣泛性以及其對社會(huì)的危害性。澳門特別行政區(qū)政府自2009年開始實(shí)施r澳門藥物濫用者中央登記系統(tǒng),而且進(jìn)行了幾個(gè)研究。然而,這些研究主要是針對特殊的群體,如在學(xué)青少年、街頭青少年等；此外,研究的樣本量較少,采用滾雪球方式的非隨機(jī)抽樣進(jìn)行,研究方法以橫斷面描述性研究為主。對于較全面的藥物濫用人群情況、濫藥的危險(xiǎn)因素及濫藥模式、總體藥物濫用者人數(shù)估計(jì)的研究尚少見。此外,盡管近年澳門各界對預(yù)防藥品濫用的積極投入與大力干預(yù),卻仍存在較多的問題與挑戰(zhàn),如跨境用藥和人體運(yùn)毒等。這些都為澳門的防治濫用藥品的立法、執(zhí)法、服務(wù)規(guī)劃與資源等帶來嚴(yán)峻的挑戰(zhàn)。我們嘗試對濫藥登記系統(tǒng)中的登記人群作現(xiàn)況、用藥危險(xiǎn)因素等作了解,并試圖估計(jì)澳門濫用藥物的人數(shù),及探討政策、資源等問題,以能較整體地為相關(guān)的政策作參考。第一部分澳門藥物濫用者的現(xiàn)況目的：主要是了解2009年和2010年澳門藥物濫用的現(xiàn)況,并估計(jì)藥物濫用者人數(shù)；為制訂相關(guān)政策和支持提供依據(jù)。方法：研究采用橫斷面描述性研究和理論性流行病學(xué)方式。研究對象由社會(huì)工作局提供的“澳門藥物濫用者中央登記系統(tǒng)”2009(957人次)與2010年度(1058人次)總登記人次。統(tǒng)計(jì)中,以濫藥人次和人數(shù)作統(tǒng)計(jì)分析單位,對兩年度的人口學(xué)特征作描述性統(tǒng)計(jì)分析；統(tǒng)計(jì)推斷以卡方檢驗(yàn)和方差檢驗(yàn)等為主；而多因素分析內(nèi),毒品種類使用無序多分類邏輯回歸分析；用藥量的分析則用線性回歸分析;對數(shù)據(jù)獨(dú)立性較好的藥物濫用人數(shù)估計(jì),使用捕獲再捕獲法,對數(shù)據(jù)獨(dú)立性欠佳的則采用對數(shù)線性模型估計(jì)結(jié)果：1藥物濫用者現(xiàn)況與藥物濫用的影響因素1.1藥物濫用者平均年齡36.4±14.0歲(最小14.3歲,最大87.6歲。2009年和2010年藥物濫用者的平均年齡相似,分別為36.8±14.1歲和36.0±13.9歲)。3/4為男性和4/5為21歲以上,以中國血統(tǒng)占主要(2009年96.2%,2010年95.7%),3/4的只有初中及以下教育程度,約半數(shù)是在澳門出生、未婚和無業(yè)的,他們較多住在澳門北區(qū)(2009年39.0%,2010年52.8%)及有犯罪記錄(2009年32.2%,2010年38.2%)。1.2濫藥情況中,平均首次吸毒年齡為21.8歲；以使用1種毒品為主(2009年81.5%,2010年80.7%)；每次使用以海洛因最多(62.5%,55.5%),其次是氯胺酮(25.5%,31.5%)。使用方法均以肌肉注射(44.7%；38.7%)較多；在家中為主要吸毒地點(diǎn)(47.0%,38.6%)；吸毒原因以朋輩影響(27.1%,30.2%)、減低壓力／痛苦／挫敗感／苦悶(25.1%,26.6%)和避免藥癮起(17.8%,13.2%)占主要；每月毒品開支中位數(shù)2009年約3000澳門元,2010年為1800澳門元。1.3影響藥物選用的因素上,2009年居住在南區(qū)(風(fēng)順堂)的選用麻醉鎮(zhèn)痛劑(OR=2.7: 95% CI: 1.1,6.5)和興奮劑(OR=6.7: 95% CI: 2.0,22.6)較多；居住在中國內(nèi)地的較多選用興奮劑(OR=6.4: 95% CI: 1.7, 24.2)。2010年有家人吸毒(OR=5.6: 95% CI: 4.8, 6.7)的較多使用興奮劑。藥物使用量的影響因素主要為靜脈注射(標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化β系數(shù)：2009年0.4,2010年0.3)或肌肉注射毒品(2010年標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化β系數(shù)為0.9)、每月毒品開支(2009年標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化β系數(shù)為0.4)及離婚或分居(2010年標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化β系數(shù)為0.3)等。2藥物濫用者人數(shù)估計(jì)2.1兩年度的總體估計(jì)藥物濫用人數(shù)為1791人,居民粗濫藥率為3.3‰；為兩年度平均人數(shù)的2.2倍。2.2兩年度平均有1061人濫用藥物,粗濫藥率約為2.0‰(2009年1085人,2.0‰,為該年人數(shù)1.6倍；2010年1037人,1.9‰,為該年人數(shù)1.1倍)。2.3以年份和性別變量分層,估計(jì)得的95%可信區(qū)間范圍較窄,估計(jì)較準(zhǔn)確。結(jié)論：12009和2010年澳門藥物濫用者約3/4以上均為男性,且約4/5是21歲以上的成人；教育程度以初中及以下為主；平均首次吸毒年齡為21.8歲。人口學(xué)特征與國際、國內(nèi)、香港、臺(tái)灣省等相似；因此應(yīng)重點(diǎn)針對成年和教育程度較低的男性,作為藥物濫用的預(yù)防與健康教育工作的對象。2藥物濫用者雖然仍以使用傳統(tǒng)毒品(海洛因)為主,但新型(合成)毒品(如氯胺酮)使用增加；使用地點(diǎn)多較隱蔽,如自家/朋友家；朋輩的影響及精神、心靈缺失等是濫藥較突顯的原因；每月毒品開支約1800～3000澳門元。3估計(jì)兩年間濫藥人數(shù)為1061～1791人,居民粗濫藥率約為2.0‰～3.3‰,與其它鄰近地區(qū)差距不大。第二部分澳門藥物濫用者影響因素分析目的：了解2009年和2010年澳門藥物濫用者使用藥物的影響因素與探討濫藥危險(xiǎn)因素模型；為制訂相關(guān)政策和支持提供依據(jù)。方法：研究采用理論性流行病學(xué)方式。研究數(shù)據(jù)由社會(huì)工作局提供的“澳門藥物濫用者中央登記系統(tǒng)”2009(957人次)與2010年度(1058人次)總登記人次。藥物濫用危險(xiǎn)因素模型就使用結(jié)構(gòu)線性模型進(jìn)行擬合與優(yōu)化。結(jié)果：兩年度假設(shè)模型經(jīng)優(yōu)化后(2009年：P=0.189；2010年：P=0.800),表示探索性結(jié)構(gòu)方程模型與樣本數(shù)據(jù)可以契合；并且兩年度模型達(dá)到適配標(biāo)準(zhǔn)：2009年：RMSEA=0.020.05, NFI (0.95)、TLI (0.98)和CFI(0.99)均0.90,卡方自由度比值(NC)=1.252；2010年：RMSEA=0.000.05, NFI (0.93)、TLI(1.05)和CFI(1.00)均0.90,卡方自由度比值(NC)=0.752。2009年用藥危險(xiǎn)因素的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化參數(shù)估計(jì)假設(shè)模型圖內(nèi),形成濫藥“個(gè)人因素”構(gòu)念中,受教育程度(標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化路徑系數(shù)值：0.70)與職業(yè)狀況(0.70)兩變量的影響較大,其次為家人有否吸毒(0.4)和婚姻狀況(0.22)；此外,造成濫藥方面,個(gè)人因素對選擇毒品類別(0.01)和每月使用數(shù)(次,0.04)的影響較小。在毒品因素中,開始濫用該毒品之年齡變量(-0.72)對其影響較明顯；其它的影響變量有最近3個(gè)月吸毒原因(0.04)和最近3個(gè)月吸毒地點(diǎn)(0.06),但其影響程度較低。毒品因素影響選擇毒品類別(0.31)和每月使用數(shù)(次,-0.31)較個(gè)人因素明顯。2010年的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化參數(shù)估計(jì)假設(shè)模型內(nèi),個(gè)人因素構(gòu)念中家人有否吸毒(0.75)對其影響較大,其次是教育程度(0.48)和職業(yè)狀況(0.04)；而個(gè)人因素對毒品類別的選擇(-0.10)和每月使用數(shù)(次,0.04)仍較偏低。然而,對毒品因素構(gòu)念影響較大的測量(顯性)變量仍是開始濫用該毒品之年齡(-0.37),其次順序?yàn)樽罱?個(gè)月吸毒地點(diǎn)(0.16)、吸毒原因(0.08)和吸毒地方(0.01)。同樣,毒品因素影響選擇毒品類別(0.80)和每月使用次數(shù)(-0.35)較個(gè)人因素明顯。2009年影響“個(gè)人因素”潛在變量的顯性指標(biāo)多一項(xiàng)“婚姻狀況”變量；2010年影響“毒品因素”潛在變量的顯性指標(biāo)多一項(xiàng)“最近3個(gè)月吸毒地方”變量；其余的顯性指標(biāo)和潛在變量兩年度皆相同。結(jié)論：形成濫藥的個(gè)人因素中,主要影響因素有家人有否吸毒、教育程度和職業(yè)狀況等；而毒品因素主要受開始濫用該毒品之年齡、最近3個(gè)月吸毒地點(diǎn)和吸毒原因等因素影響,尤其開始濫用該毒品之年齡顯得重要。但在構(gòu)成選用毒品類別及每月使用數(shù)中,仍以毒品因素影響為主要,個(gè)人因素影響較少。在防治上可針對以上的危險(xiǎn)因素作重點(diǎn)的工作安排。第三部分澳門濫用藥物的危險(xiǎn)因素模型驗(yàn)證與對策的定性研究目的：是了解藥物濫用者其它可能的濫藥因素、對用藥危險(xiǎn)因素模型作評價(jià),及對預(yù)防藥物濫用作政策性建議。方法：采用扎根理論法；研究對象以非概率抽樣中的“綜合式抽樣”取樣方法：對學(xué)者以方便抽樣法、對行政管理人員及前線工作者用典型個(gè)案抽樣法,最后共有10位訪談?wù)邊⑴c。訪談中使用個(gè)人的半結(jié)構(gòu)式訪談及重點(diǎn)訪談法進(jìn)行；訪談配合錄音以保證資料的準(zhǔn)確性；其后把錄音內(nèi)容用逐字稿軟件謄寫成文本,由另一位研究者逐字核對(描述型效度)；最后由二名學(xué)者共同分析達(dá)成一致性(解釋型效度)；分析完成后請研究對象再次審視,保證其真實(shí)性(理論型效度)。以內(nèi)容分析法(文字化、概念化、命題化、圖表化和理論化)對內(nèi)容進(jìn)行分析。結(jié)果：1藥物濫用的其它危險(xiǎn)因素按病因?qū)W說的“三角模型”：1.1宿主方面,朋輩影響、家庭關(guān)系與相處是較為重要的原因。朋輩影響主要透過朋友間的模仿學(xué)習(xí)、共同相處環(huán)境、及朋友間的認(rèn)同感等形式；其中不乏因受伴侶的帶動(dòng)所致。家庭關(guān)系與相處大致可分成“家庭系統(tǒng)完整性”和“發(fā)揮監(jiān)護(hù)人角色”,寄養(yǎng)的和離婚后單親的家庭中,其青少年常出現(xiàn)反社會(huì)人格,并易有濫藥現(xiàn)象。即使青少年處于較完整的家庭中,但其監(jiān)護(hù)人未能刻盡應(yīng)有的角色,亦易使青少年有濫藥行為。其它有負(fù)性情緒、好奇心等。1.2環(huán)境可約分為個(gè)人、家庭及社會(huì)環(huán)境三方面。缺陷家庭的增多使夜間無人在家看管和近年濫藥的場所漸轉(zhuǎn)移至家居,形成“隱蔽”的情況。社會(huì)上有較多的娛樂博彩場所、販毒的利潤高昂、缺乏足夠的健康活動(dòng)設(shè)施、及未能參與正常的消遣活動(dòng)、未能認(rèn)識(shí)“正�！钡呐笥选�1.3藥物因素,部分的濫藥者是由抽煙開始,隨后轉(zhuǎn)而濫藥；提出了控制抽煙的重要性。2藥物濫用危險(xiǎn)因素模型的正確性及真實(shí)性尚可；但影響因素可以轉(zhuǎn)變。3預(yù)防濫藥政策有5個(gè)方向：3.1立法：澳門仍采用自愿性戒毒方式。而國際上對濫藥者有不應(yīng)予刑事化處理,應(yīng)予他們“自醒”機(jī)會(huì)的趨勢。3.2執(zhí)法與國際合作：海關(guān)部門要防止毒品的流入、包裝與銷售；國際間對毒品的認(rèn)定要有共識(shí)及對其懲治有相似性,以防止跨境販毒犯罪。3.3宣傳教育與預(yù)防：重點(diǎn)人群應(yīng)為青少年,可考慮及早開展宣教及延伸較長的階段,并鼓勵(lì)醫(yī)生更多的參與,因醫(yī)生的專業(yè)性及說服力較強(qiáng)。3.4研究：能及時(shí)了解現(xiàn)況并對相關(guān)的措施給予評價(jià)和改進(jìn)。3.5資源與支持主要是依政策和需要而定立,主要用于治療康復(fù)上,讓其能重返社會(huì),主方向有：(1)建立自信：互相尊重的態(tài)度而不應(yīng)有歧視；并以分階段與持續(xù)激勵(lì)的方式進(jìn)行。(2)給予幫助：給予幫助時(shí)應(yīng)有清晰的指導(dǎo)與完成途徑,并應(yīng)保護(hù)濫藥的的個(gè)人隱私。主要有：學(xué)校關(guān)心、輔導(dǎo)就業(yè)和提供院舍服務(wù)。結(jié)論：1朋輩影響、家庭關(guān)系與相處、抽煙是影響個(gè)人濫藥較重要的原因。而社會(huì)環(huán)境的因素有：在家居濫藥形成“隱蔽”的情況增多；有較多的娛樂博彩場所、販毒的利潤高昂、缺乏足夠的健康活動(dòng)設(shè)施和未能認(rèn)識(shí)“正�！钡呐笥训取�2藥物濫用危險(xiǎn)因素模型的正確性及真實(shí)性尚可；但影響因素可以轉(zhuǎn)變。3預(yù)防濫藥政策有：立法、執(zhí)法與國際合作、宣傳教育與預(yù)防、研究。資源與支持主要用于治療康復(fù),透過建立自信和給予幫助讓其能重返社會(huì)。
[Abstract]:According to the 2008 estimates by the WHO, about 3.5% to 5.7% of the world's 15~64 year old population use psychotic substances; about 0.7% of the global burden of disease in 2004 are caused by the use of cocaine and opioids; in some countries, the use of illegal substances in social expenditure accounts for the population of the region. A total of about 2% of the gross product. The universality of drug abuse and its harm to society is seen. The government of the Macao special administrative region began to implement the central registration system for the drug abusers of the R Macao in 2009 and has conducted several studies. However, these studies are mainly aimed at special groups, such as young people, street adolescents, etc. The sample size of the study was less, and the non random sampling was carried out with snowball method, and the research method was based on cross section descriptive study. The study on the situation of drug abuse, the risk factors and drug abuse patterns of the drug abuse, and the total number of drug abusers were rarely seen. In addition, in recent years, the Macao has been indiscriminate on the prevention of drug abuse. There are still many problems and challenges, such as cross-border drug use and human drug transport, such as cross-border drug use and human drug transport, which have brought serious challenges to Macao's legislation, law enforcement, service planning and resources. We try to understand the status of the registered population in the drug abuse registration system and the risk factors for drug use, And try to estimate the number of drug abuse in Macao, and to explore policies, resources and other issues to be more comprehensive for the relevant policies. Part I, the current status of drug abusers in Macao, mainly to understand the status of drug abuse in 2009 and 2010, and to estimate the number of drug abusers; to formulate relevant policies and support for the formulation of relevant policies and support. Method: a cross-sectional descriptive study and a theoretical epidemiological method were used. The study was conducted by the Social Work Bureau, 2009 (957 people) and 2010 (1058 people) of the Macao drug abusers. In statistics, the number and number of indiscriminate drugs were used as statistical analysis units for the year two. Descriptive statistical analysis of demographic characteristics; statistical inference is dominated by chi square test and variance test; and in multifactor analysis, drug types use disordered multi classification logic regression analysis, and linear regression analysis is used for the analysis of drug quantities; the number of indiscriminate drugs with better data independence is estimated, capture recapture method is used, logarithm According to the logarithmic linear model, the average age of the 1 drug abusers was 36.4 + 14 years old (the minimum 14.3 years old, the maximum 87.6 years old.2009 and the average age of the drug abusers, 36.8 + 14.1 and 36 + 13.9 years, respectively).3/4 as men and 4/5, according to the logarithmic linear model. For more than 21 years of age, Chinese blood was dominated by Chinese blood (96.2% in 2009, 95.7% in 2010). Only half of 3/4 was born in Macao, unmarried and unemployed. They lived more in the Northern District of Macao (2009 39%, 2010 52.8%) and the criminal record (2009 32.2%, 2010 38.2%) in the case of indiscriminate drugs, the average first year of drug use. The age was 21.8 years old, with the use of 1 drugs (81.5% in 2009, 80.7% in 2010); most of the use of heroin (62.5%, 55.5%), followed by ketamine (25.5%, 31.5%). The use of the methods were intramuscularly injected (44.7%; 38.7%); at home as the main drug use location (47%, 38.6%); drug abuse (27.1%, 30.2%), reduction of low pressure. Force / pain / frustration / frustration (25.1%, 26.6%) and avoidance of drug addiction (17.8%, 13.2%) accounted for the main; the median monthly drug expenditure in 2009 was about 3000 Macao yuan, and 2010 was 1800 Macao yuan.1.3 affecting drug selection. In 2009, the use of narcotic analgesics (OR=2.7: 95% CI: 1.1,6.5) and stimulants (OR=6.7 95% CI: 2.0,22.6); more use of stimulants in mainland China (OR=6.4: 95% CI: 1.7, 24.2).2010 years with family drug use (OR=5.6: 95% CI: 4.8, 6.7) more use of stimulants. The influence factors of drug use are intravenous injection (standardized beta coefficient: 0.42010 year 0.3 in 2009) or intramuscular injection (2010). The standardized beta coefficient was 0.9), the monthly drug expenditure (2009 standardized beta coefficient was 0.4) and the number of.2 drug abusers, such as divorce or separation (2010 standardized beta coefficient is 0.3), estimated the number of drug abusers in 2.1 two, and the total drug abuse rate was 3.3 per thousand, and the average of 2.2 times the average number of two year.2.2 in two was 1 in two. The drug abuse rate of 061 people was about 2 per thousand (1085 people in 2009, 2 per thousand, 1.6 times the number of people in the year; 1037 in 2010, 1.9 per thousand, 1.1 times that of the year)..2.3 was stratified with years and sex variables. The estimated range of the 95% confidence interval was narrower and more accurate. Conclusion: in 12009 and 2010, more than 3/4 of the drug abusers of Macao were all male, and About 4/5 is an adult over 21 years of age; education is dominated by junior high school and below; the average age of first drug use is 21.8 years. Demographic characteristics are similar to international, domestic, Hongkong, and Taiwan; therefore, the emphasis should be on men with lower levels of education and education as drug abusers for drug abuse prevention and health education. Although the use of traditional drugs (heroin) is still the main use, the use of new (synthetic) drugs (such as ketamine) is increased; the location of the use is more concealed, such as home / friend's home, the influence of the peer, the spirit, the lack of mind, and so on; the monthly drug expenditure of about 1800~3000 Macao yuan.3 is estimated to be 1061~17 in two years. 91 people, the resident drug rate was about 2 per thousand to 3.3 per thousand, and the difference from other adjacent areas was not significant. Second factors of drug abusers in Macao were analyzed in order to understand the influence factors of drug abusers in 2009 and 2010 and to explore the risk factors model of drug abuse, and to provide the basis for formulating relevant policies and support. Methods: The study adopted the theoretical epidemiological method. The data were collected by the Social Work Bureau, "central registration system for drug abusers in Macao" 2009 (957 people) and 2010 annual (1058 people). The model of drug abuse risk factors was fitted and optimized using a structural linear model. Results: the two-year hypothesis model was optimized. After (2009: P=0.189; 2010: P=0.800), the exploratory structural equation model is compatible with the sample data; and the two annual model reaches the standard of adaptation: 2009: RMSEA=0.020.05, NFI (0.95), TLI (0.98) and CFI (0.99) 0.90, the ratio of chi square freedom (NC) =1.252; 2010: RMSEA=0.000.05, NFI (0.93), TLI (1.05) and C. FI (1) 0.90, chi square's degree of freedom ratio (NC) in the standardized parameter estimation of the risk factors for drug use in =0.752.2009 years, the influence of Education (standardized path system value: 0.70) and occupational status (0.70) two changes, followed by family members (0.4) and marital status (0) .22); in addition, the impact of individual factors on the selection of drug categories (0.01) and the monthly use number (0.04) was smaller. In the drug factors, the age variable (-0.72), which began to abuse the drug, was significantly affected; the other factors had the last 3 months of drug abuse (0.04) and the last 3 months of drug use (0.06). The effect of drug factors (0.31) and monthly use number (-0.31) was significantly higher than that of individual factors in the.2010 year standard parameter estimation hypothesis. The influence of family members on drug abuse (0.75) was greater, followed by educational level (0.48) and occupational status (0.04), and personal factors on drugs. Category selection (-0.10) and monthly use number (times, 0.04) were still relatively low. However, the measured (dominant) variables affecting the drug factor construction were still the age of drug abuse (-0.37), followed by the order of drug abuse (0.16) in the last 3 months (0.16), drug addicts (0.08) and drug abuse (0.01). Similarly, drug factors affected drug selection. Different (0.80) and monthly use times (-0.35) were more than individual factors in.2009 years. The dominant index of "personal factors" potential variables was more than a "marital status" variable; in 2010, the dominant index of the potential variable of "drug factors" was more than the "last 3 month drug addicts" variable; the remaining dominant and potential variables were two. Conclusion: among the individual factors of indiscriminate drug abuse, the main factors affecting the drug abuse are family drug abuse, educational level and occupational status, and drug factors are mainly affected by the age of the drug abuse and the factors such as drug abuse and drug abuse in the last 3 months, especially the age of the abuse of the drug. In the third part of the drug abuse, the third part of the risk factors for drug abuse and the qualitative research of the countermeasures are to understand the other possibility of drug abusers. Indiscriminate drug factors, evaluation of the risk factors model of drug use and policy recommendations for the prevention of drug abuse. Method: adopt the root theory method; the study object is the "comprehensive sampling" sampling method in non probability sampling: the scholars use the convenient sampling method and the typical case sampling method of the administrative staff and the frontline workers, finally, the common sampling method is used. 10 interviewees participated in the interview. The interviews were conducted using personal semi structured interviews and key interviews; interviews were conducted with recording to ensure the accuracy of the data. Subsequently, the transcripts were transcribed into text by word by word software, and the other researcher checked (the descriptive validity) verbatim; finally, the consensus was reached by two scholars. After the analysis was completed, the object was examined again to ensure its authenticity (theoretical validity). Content analysis was carried out by content analysis (literalization, conceptualization, propositional, graphic and theoretical). Results: 1 other risk factors for drug abuse were based on the "triangle model" of the etiological theory: 1.1 host and peer shadow The relationship between family and family is a more important reason. The influence of the peer is mainly through imitation and learning among friends, together with the environment, and the sense of identity among friends; among them, there are no lack of the lead of a partner. Family relations and coexistence can be roughly divided into "family system integrity" and "play guardian role" and foster. In the family of single parent after divorce, teenagers often have antisocial personality and are prone to indiscriminate drugs. Even if teenagers are in a relatively complete family, their guardians are unable to engrave their roles as they should be, and they are prone to indiscriminate behavior. Other negative emotions, curiosity and other.1.2 environments can be divided into individual, family and social environment three On the other hand, the increase in the number of defective families has led to the gradual transfer of unmanned and indiscriminate places to home in the night, forming a "concealment" situation. There are more entertainment and gambling places in the society, the high profits of drug trafficking, lack of adequate health facilities, and failure to participate in normal recreational activities and the failure to recognize the "normal" friend.1.3 medicine. Physical factors, some of the indiscriminate drugs were initiated by smoking and then transferred to drug abuse; the importance of controlling smoking was proposed, the correctness and authenticity of the.2 drug abuse risk factor model was still available, but the influencing factors could change the 5 directions of the.3 prevention policy: the 3.1 legislation: Macao is still using voluntary detoxification methods. They should not be criminalization, and should give them the trend of "self awakening".3.2 law enforcement and international cooperation: the customs department should prevent the inflow of drugs, packaging and sales; international consensus on drug identification and the similarity to its punishment in order to prevent the cross-border drug trafficking and the prevention of.3.3 publicity and education and prevention: the key population should be young. In the year, early education and extension can be considered, and doctors should be encouraged to participate more, because doctors are more professional and persuasive.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：南方醫(yī)科大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2013
【分類號(hào)】：R749.61
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本文編號(hào)：2012950