發(fā)布時(shí)間：2018-07-04 17:34

  本文選題：腸道菌群 + 高通量測序��； 參考：《河北工程大學(xué)》2017年碩士論文

【摘要】：我國是世界上的牛奶消費(fèi)大國,奶牛的養(yǎng)殖規(guī)模較大。奶牛作為反芻動(dòng)物,可以利用單胃動(dòng)物難降解的粗纖維物質(zhì)并經(jīng)過生理代謝將其轉(zhuǎn)化為人類可以利用的奶、肉等動(dòng)物性蛋白。腸道菌群在奶牛營養(yǎng)物質(zhì)的消化代謝中具有關(guān)鍵作用,合理的腸道菌群可以明顯的改善奶牛的生理健康水平、提高能量利用率。從微生物生態(tài)學(xué)角度出發(fā),健康機(jī)體中腸道微生物群落相對穩(wěn)定,同時(shí)受腸道內(nèi)環(huán)境、生存環(huán)境和日糧等多種因素的影響。本論文以不同生長時(shí)期和不同飼養(yǎng)環(huán)境下的奶牛為研究對象,分別研究了奶牛腸道微生物的變化特征及其對海拔、土壤微生物環(huán)境變化的響應(yīng),并從機(jī)體腸道內(nèi)源益生菌的新視角發(fā)現(xiàn)了奶牛腸道菌群與泌乳性能的關(guān)系。本課題主要從以下幾個(gè)方面進(jìn)行研究:1.為了探究不同生長期的奶牛腸道菌群變化規(guī)律,使用Hi Seq2500測序平臺(tái),對比分析了奶牛的哺乳期、斷奶期、育成期、青年期、泌乳期和干奶期的腸道菌群結(jié)構(gòu)組成及多樣性特征,分析發(fā)現(xiàn)了腸道菌群與生長性能的變化規(guī)律,同時(shí)還發(fā)現(xiàn)腸道菌群中某些益生菌屬與泌乳性能可能存在一定的相關(guān)性。差異性分析結(jié)果顯示不同生長期的奶牛腸道菌群在門水平上保持相對穩(wěn)定;隨著犢牛的生長,腸道菌群逐漸定植,在育成前后多樣性呈現(xiàn)“兩段式”格局;此外,益生菌屬中雙歧桿菌屬的豐度在泌乳期顯著高于其他生長期,并與產(chǎn)奶量呈正相關(guān)關(guān)系。2.為了驗(yàn)證奶牛腸道益生菌屬與泌乳性能的關(guān)系,對比分析了高海拔奶牛在泌乳期與非泌乳期的腸道菌群結(jié)構(gòu)及多樣性差異,著重對比了不同益生菌屬的豐度變化。結(jié)果顯示,高海拔奶牛腸道菌群結(jié)構(gòu)在泌乳期和非泌乳期在門水平上沒有明顯變化,而在泌乳期少數(shù)菌屬的豐度顯著降低;腸道菌群的豐富度(α多樣性)無顯著差異,基于非加權(quán)的主坐標(biāo)分析結(jié)果顯示泌乳期與非泌乳期各自聚類明顯;在泌乳期,益生菌屬中雙歧桿菌屬的豐度顯著高于非泌乳期,而其他兩種益生菌屬豐度差異不顯著。3.為了探究奶牛腸道菌群對海拔因素的生態(tài)適應(yīng)性,分析了高原奶牛與平原奶牛腸道菌群的差異。結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn),二者在門水平保持相對穩(wěn)定且存在主要核心菌屬,高海拔奶牛腸道菌群與平原奶牛各自差異聚類明顯,少數(shù)腸道菌屬存在顯著差異,雙歧桿菌屬在高海拔奶牛腸道菌群中相對豐度較低。4.為了探究不同養(yǎng)殖方式對高原奶牛腸道菌群的影響,對比分析了放牧與標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化圈養(yǎng)兩種養(yǎng)殖方式下腸道菌群結(jié)構(gòu)及多樣性差異。分析結(jié)果表明,不同養(yǎng)殖方式的奶牛在門屬水平上均存在差異顯著的菌群,圈養(yǎng)產(chǎn)奶牛腸道菌群豐富度(α多樣性)較高,且基于Unifrac距離的主坐標(biāo)分析結(jié)果顯示各自聚類明顯。5.為了探究高原放牧區(qū)土壤微生物對奶牛腸道菌群的影響,分析了同一海拔不同生境的土壤微生物與放牧奶牛腸道微生物的關(guān)系。結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn),不同自然環(huán)境下的土壤微生物菌群結(jié)構(gòu)及多樣性差異顯著,其結(jié)構(gòu)組成不同于牛腸道微生物,且高原放牧區(qū)奶牛腸道菌群與土壤微生物群落結(jié)構(gòu)間某些菌屬存在顯著相關(guān)性;但是,不同放牧區(qū)奶牛腸道菌群并未隨著土壤微生物的變化發(fā)生顯著變化。通過研究可以得出結(jié)論,奶牛的腸道菌群是由核心菌群與可變菌群構(gòu)成,且菌落結(jié)構(gòu)在門水平上保持相對穩(wěn)定,高原奶牛的腸道菌群可能對海拔表現(xiàn)了生態(tài)適應(yīng)性,腸道微生物與土壤微生物在屬水平上有相關(guān)關(guān)系,值得注意的是,我們發(fā)現(xiàn)腸道益生菌屬(雙歧桿菌屬)的豐度與高原及平原標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化圈養(yǎng)奶牛的泌乳性能均存在相關(guān)性,且可能與產(chǎn)奶量的高低有關(guān)。
[Abstract]:China is a big country of milk consumption in the world. As a ruminant, it can be used as a ruminant, which can be transformed into human milk, meat and other animal proteins, which are difficult to be degraded by the single stomach animal and through physiological metabolism. The intestinal flora plays a key role in the digestion and metabolism of dairy nutrition. The rational intestinal flora can obviously improve the physiological health level of the dairy cows and improve the energy utilization rate. From the perspective of microbial ecology, the intestinal microorganism community in the healthy body is relatively stable, and is influenced by various factors such as the intestinal environment, the living environment and the diet. This paper is based on different growth periods and different feeding environments. As the research object, the change characteristics of the intestinal microorganism and the response to the change of the soil microbial environment were studied, and the relationship between the intestinal microflora and the lactation performance was found from the new perspective of the endogenous probiotics in the intestinal tract. This subject was mainly studied in the following aspects: 1. to explore the difference between the dairy cows and the dairy cows. The changes of intestinal microflora in the growth period of dairy cows, using Hi Seq2500 sequencing platform, compared and analyzed the structure and diversity of intestinal microflora in lactating, weaning, young, young, lactation and dry milk period of dairy cows, and found the regularity of intestinal microflora and growth performance, and also found some intestinal flora. There may be a certain correlation between probiotics and lactation performance. The difference analysis shows that the intestinal flora of dairy cows in different growth periods is relatively stable at the gate level; with the growth of calves, the intestinal flora is gradually planted, and the diversity of the intestinal flora appears "two stages" pattern before and after breeding; in addition, the Bifidobacterium in the probiotic genus is abundant. In order to verify the relationship between the intestinal probiotics and the lactation performance of the dairy cows, the relationship between the milk production and the milk production was positively correlated with the milk production period. The differences in the intestinal flora structure and diversity of dairy cows at high altitude in lactation and non lactation periods were compared and analyzed, and the abundance changes of different probiotics were contrasted. The results showed that the abundance changes of different probiotics were contrasted. The results showed that.2. There was no significant change in the intestinal microflora structure at the lactating and non lactation stages in the lactating and non lactation periods, but the abundance of the genus in the lactation period decreased significantly, and the abundance of the intestinal flora (alpha diversity) had no significant difference. The results of the non weighted principal coordinate analysis showed that the lactation period and the non lactation period were distinct; in lactation period, The abundance of bifidobacteria in probiotics was significantly higher than that in the non lactation period, while the difference of the abundance of the other two probiotics was not significant.3. in order to explore the ecological adaptability of the intestinal flora and the intestinal flora of the plateau cows and the plain cows. The results showed that the two were relatively stable and dominant in the gate level. For the core bacteria, the difference between the intestinal microflora and the plain dairy cows in high altitude dairy cows is distinct, and there are significant differences in the number of intestinal microflora. The relative abundance of Bifidobacterium in the intestinal microflora of high altitude dairy cows is lower.4. in order to explore the effects of different culture methods on the intestinal flora of plateau cows, and the grazing and standardized captivity are compared and analyzed two. The differences in the structure and diversity of intestinal microflora in the breeding methods showed that there were significant differences in the level of the families of the cows with different culture methods, and the richness of the intestinal flora (alpha diversity) in the captive dairy cows was higher, and the main coordinate analysis based on the Unifrac distance showed that each cluster was obviously.5. in order to explore the plateau. The effects of soil microbes on the intestinal microflora of dairy cattle were analyzed. The relationship between soil microbes in different habitats at the same altitude and the intestinal microflora of grazing cows was analyzed. The results showed that the structure and diversity of soil microbial flora in different natural environments were distinct, and their structure was different from bovine intestinal microorganism and plateau grazing area milk. There is a significant correlation between the bovine intestinal flora and the soil microbial community structure, but the intestinal microflora of cows in different grazing areas did not change significantly with the change of soil microbes. The results of the study can be concluded that the intestinal flora of dairy cows is composed of core and variable bacteria groups, and the colony structure is on the gate level. The intestinal microflora of plateau dairy cows may have the ecological adaptability to the altitude, and there is a correlation between the intestinal microorganism and the soil microorganism. It is worth noting that the abundance of the intestinal probiotics (Bifidobacterium) is found to be related to the lactating performance of the plateau and plain standardized captive dairy cows. And it may be related to the level of milk production.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：河北工程大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2017
【分類號(hào)】：S823

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