本文選題：蒙古高原 + 中蒙典型草原��； 參考：《內(nèi)蒙古農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)》2017年博士論文

【摘要】：蒙古高原典型草原主要分布在中國內(nèi)蒙古東北和蒙古國東部地區(qū),該地區(qū)兩國的自然地貌,植被特征相似,人文歷史,語言文化相通。游牧制度在蒙古高原傳承幾千年,至今也是蒙古國主要的生產(chǎn)方式,中國內(nèi)蒙古近30年來以定居放牧為主,草地被圍欄分割,游牧逐漸消失。哪種放牧制度更符合蒙古高原草原生態(tài)系統(tǒng)的可持續(xù)發(fā)展和環(huán)境保護(hù)?是面臨蒙古高原草地畜牧業(yè)的重要問題,因此比較中蒙典型草原不同放牧制度、不同放牧強(qiáng)度對(duì)草地植被生態(tài)學(xué)的影響,具有重要的理論和實(shí)踐意義。本項(xiàng)研究主要以中國內(nèi)蒙古定居放牧、內(nèi)蒙古二季輪牧、蒙古國四季游牧、蒙古定居放牧四種放牧形式進(jìn)行對(duì)比研究,主要研究結(jié)果如下:1.中蒙典型草原不同放牧制度的放牧強(qiáng)度比較結(jié)果:中國內(nèi)蒙古典型草原以定居為主的草地上重度超載面積(58.95%)極顯著高于以為游牧為主蒙古國(14.89%);蒙古國適度放牧和少牧草場(chǎng)面積(74.47%)極顯著高于中國內(nèi)蒙古(12.63%)。內(nèi)蒙古典型草原平均超載率極顯著高于蒙古國典型草原。2.中蒙典型草原不同放牧方式對(duì)植被群落特性的影響研究結(jié)果:內(nèi)蒙古草地退化程度嚴(yán)重高于蒙古國。蒙古國以游牧為主的草地在總蓋度(60.40%)、分種蓋度合(64.85%)、基蓋度(37.64%)、枯草蓋度(27.77%)、抽穗率(12.61%)、株叢數(shù)(183.44株叢/m2)、鮮草產(chǎn)量(249.21 gFW/m2)和物種數(shù)(18.73種/m2)等方面均顯著高于以定居放牧為主的內(nèi)蒙古(總蓋度38.5%、分種蓋度44.99%、基蓋度18.43%、枯草蓋度13.18%、抽穗率8.75%、總株叢數(shù)81.03株叢/m2、鮮草產(chǎn)量129.91g FW/m2、物種數(shù)13.52種/m2)。其中退化草地的基蓋度、枯草蓋度和砂石蓋度差異極顯著,是草地退化評(píng)價(jià)的重要指標(biāo)。鑒于放牧和氣候等因子的影響,在生殖枝、營養(yǎng)枝高度方面兩國差異不顯著。不宜作為草地退化的評(píng)價(jià)指標(biāo)。3.中蒙不同放牧方式對(duì)群落生物多樣性(生活型和水分生態(tài)型)影響研究:蒙古國定居放牧草原群落中多年生植物比例極顯著高于內(nèi)蒙古定居放牧,而一、二年草本植物顯著低于內(nèi)蒙古;蒙古國游牧放牧的植被群落的多年生和二年生草本植物顯著高于內(nèi)蒙古二季輪牧草原群落,而一年生草本顯著低于內(nèi)蒙古。群落水分生態(tài)型研究顯示:蒙古國定居和游牧草原群落的旱生、旱中生、中旱生植物、中生植物、濕生植物均顯著高于內(nèi)蒙古定居和二季輪牧群落。蒙古國游牧方式較內(nèi)蒙古定居放牧利于維持了群落物種的生物多樣性和穩(wěn)定性。4.中蒙典型草原放牧飲水方式對(duì)植被群落特性的研究結(jié)果:以利用地下水資源為主的內(nèi)蒙古定居放牧草場(chǎng)的飲水點(diǎn)相對(duì)固定,草地的踐踏損傷程度高于以地上水源為主的蒙古游牧,內(nèi)蒙古植被群落平均總蓋度(38.49%)、基蓋度(18.43%)、枯草蓋度(10.0%),顯著低于以蒙古國利用地表水放牧類型的平均總蓋度(53.70%)、基蓋度(34.14%)、枯草蓋度(19.57%);蒙古國定居草場(chǎng)的砂石蓋度(21.93%)顯著低于內(nèi)蒙古定居草場(chǎng)的砂石蓋度(32.76%)。5.中蒙典型草原放牧方式對(duì)群落營養(yǎng)特性影響的研究結(jié)果:中國內(nèi)蒙古典型草原總平均全氮(0.28g · kg-1DW)與蒙古國(0.26g · kg-DW)差異不顯著;全磷、全鉀含量(2.23和0.75g · kg-1DW)顯著高于蒙古(1.19和0.47 g · kg-1DW);糖含量(33.32 g · kg-1DW)、葉綠素含量(2.64 g · kg-1DW)和胡蘿卜素含量(0.70 g· kg-1DW)也顯著高于蒙古(18.41、1.51 和 0.41 g· kg1DW)。放牧方式、放牧強(qiáng)度和放牧水源距離等放牧因素對(duì)典型草原主要植物營養(yǎng)特性的影響存在顯著的差異,內(nèi)蒙古定居放牧、二季輪牧放牧方式間的營養(yǎng)差異顯著,而游牧為主的蒙古國放牧方式對(duì)草原營養(yǎng)特性的影響不明顯。6.放牧對(duì)中蒙典型草原土壤營養(yǎng)特性影響的研究結(jié)果:在四季游牧為主的蒙古國典型草原,放牧方式、放牧強(qiáng)度和水源距離對(duì)土壤營養(yǎng)含量及比例關(guān)系影響不顯著。而在內(nèi)蒙古典型草原,放牧方式、放牧強(qiáng)度和水遠(yuǎn)距離均有較大的影響。中國內(nèi)蒙古與蒙古兩地典型草原表層土壤營養(yǎng)特性間的差異顯著。其中內(nèi)蒙古土壤的 N、P、K 含量(0.62 g·Kg-1、0.23g·Kg-1、6.66g·Kg-1)顯著低于蒙古國 N,P,K 含量(14.97 g · Kg-1、0.45 g · Kg-1 8.69g · Kg-1)。7.不同放牧方式對(duì)中蒙典型草原植被土壤種子庫特性影響的研究結(jié)果:蒙古國總平均土壤種子庫密度(3098.92�！2)極顯著高于中國內(nèi)蒙古典型草原(2492.29�！2)。以四季游牧為主的蒙古國典型草原土壤種子庫密度(3122.26(�！2)顯著高于內(nèi)蒙古兩季輪牧(1578.55粒·m-2);蒙古國打草場(chǎng)種子庫密度(11963.03�！2)顯著高于內(nèi)蒙古打草場(chǎng)(2350.73�！2);內(nèi)蒙古定居放牧典型草原土壤種子庫密度(1643.41�！2)顯著高于蒙古國定居放牧草場(chǎng)種子庫密度(3207.66�！� m 2)。8.蒙古高原不同放牧制度的生態(tài)學(xué)差異研究結(jié)果:中國內(nèi)蒙古長期定居放牧后,草地生物的食物鏈斷裂,阻斷了物質(zhì)流的交融互補(bǔ),降低了草原生物多樣性的穩(wěn)定的,草原生態(tài)系統(tǒng)被破碎化管理,打破了草地生態(tài)系統(tǒng)的平衡發(fā)展,不利于草地生態(tài)系統(tǒng)生態(tài)損傷的自然恢復(fù)。而蒙古游牧制度則相反,以不斷變換移動(dòng)的放牧方式適應(yīng)蒙古高原復(fù)雜的氣候變化、地形地貌、植物群落特征,維持了蒙古高原典型草原生態(tài)系統(tǒng)的完整性和可持續(xù)利用。蒙古高原上游牧制度有其獨(dú)特的社會(huì)和自然屬性,有其嚴(yán)密的科學(xué)性和生態(tài)學(xué)價(jià)值,今后應(yīng)重視蒙古游牧制度的系統(tǒng)性研究,弘揚(yáng)其生態(tài)學(xué)價(jià)值,結(jié)合現(xiàn)代技術(shù)發(fā)展蒙古民族的智能游牧制度。
[Abstract]:The typical grasslands of the Mongolia plateau are mainly distributed in the northeast of China and the eastern part of the country of Mongolia. The natural physiognomy of the two countries is similar, the characteristics of vegetation are similar, the human history and the language and culture are connected. The nomadic system is inherited for thousands of years in the Mongolia plateau, and is also the main way of birth and production in Mongolia. In recent 30 years, Inner Mongolia in China has settled for grazing in Mongolia. The grassland is divided and the pasture is gradually disappearing. Which kind of grazing system is more consistent with the sustainable development and environmental protection of the grassland ecosystem in Mongolia plateau? It is an important problem facing the grassland animal husbandry in Mongolia plateau. Therefore, the different grazing systems of the typical grassland in the middle Mongolia are compared, and the influence of different grazing intensity on the grassland vegetation ecology is heavy. The main research results are as follows: 1. the results are as follows: 1. the results are as follows: 1. the comparison results of the grazing intensity of different grazing systems in the typical grasslands of China and Mongolia are as follows: the typical steppe of Inner Mongolia, China, is a typical steppe in Inner Mongolia, China. The heavy overloading area (58.95%) on the grassland was significantly higher than that of the nomadic Mongolia (14.89%), and the moderate grazing and less pasture area (74.47%) in Mongolia were significantly higher than that of Inner Mongolia in China (12.63%). The average overloading rate of the typical prairie in Inner Mongolia was significantly higher than that of the different pastures in the typical steppe.2. of the typical steppe of Mongolia. The result of the study on the characteristics of vegetation community: the grassland degradation in Inner Mongolia is much higher than that of Mongolia. The pasture of nomadic grassland in Mongolia is in total coverage (60.40%), the coverage coverage (64.85%), the base coverage (37.64%), the dry grass coverage (27.77%), the heading rate (12.61%), the number of bushes (183.44 plants /m2), the yield of fresh grass (249.21 gFW/m2) and the number of species (18). .73 species /m2) and other aspects were significantly higher than that of Inner Mongolia (total coverage 38.5%, seed coverage 44.99%, base coverage 18.43%, dry grass coverage 13.18%, heading rate 8.75%, total plant number 81.03 cluster /m2, fresh grass yield 129.91g FW/m2, species number 13.52 /m2), among which the basal cover of degraded grassland, dry grass coverage and sand cover coverage were very significant. It is an important indicator of grassland degradation assessment. In view of the effects of grazing and climate factors, the differences between the two countries are not significant in the reproductive branches and the height of the vegetative branches. It is not suitable to be used as an evaluation index for grassland degradation,.3., and the influence of different Grazing Methods on the community biodiversity (life type and water ecotype): the Mongolia pasture grassland group The percentage of perennial plants in the falling perennial plants was significantly higher than that in Inner Mongolia, while the first, two year herbaceous plants were significantly lower than that in Inner Mongolia, and the perennial and biennial herbs of the nomadic vegetation communities in Mongolia were significantly higher than those in the two quarter of Inner Mongolia, while the annual herbage was significantly lower than that of Inner Mongolia. The drought, drought, middle, middle and wet plants in Mongolia and nomadic grassland communities were significantly higher than those in Inner Mongolia and two seasons. The nomadic way of Mongolia was more favorable to maintain the biodiversity and stability of the community species than that in Inner Mongolia. The study results of the characteristics of vegetation community: the drinking point of Inner Mongolia settled grazing grassland with groundwater resources is relatively fixed. The damage degree of grassland is higher than that of Mongolia nomadic on the ground water source. The average total coverage (38.49%), base coverage (18.43%), and dry grass coverage (10%) of Inner Mongolia vegetation community are significantly lower than that of Mongolia national profit. The average total coverage (53.70%), base coverage (34.14%), and dry grass coverage (19.57%) were used for the grazing types of the surface water, and the sand and gravel coverage (21.93%) of the Mongolia settled grassland was significantly lower than that of the Inner Mongolia settled grassland (32.76%). The results of the study on the influence of the grazing mode of the typical steppe on the nutrient characteristics of the Mongolia Grassland: the total leveling of the typical grassland in Inner Mongolia, China The difference of total nitrogen (0.28g. Kg-1DW) and Mongolia (0.26g kg-DW) was not significant, total P, total potassium content (2.23 and 0.75g. Kg-1DW) were significantly higher than that of Mongolia (1.19 and 0.47 g kg-1DW), sugar content (33.32 g kg-1DW), chlorophyll content (2.64 g kg-1DW) and carotene content (0.70) were also significantly higher than that of Mongolia (0.41 and 0.41). G. Kg1DW). Grazing methods, grazing intensity and grazing water distance and other grazing factors have significant differences on the nutritional characteristics of the main plants in the typical steppe. In Inner Mongolia, the vegetative difference between the two seasons of grazing and grazing is significant, while the grazing mode of the nomadic Mongolia country has no obvious effect on the nutritional characteristics of the grassland by.6. Study on the influence of pasture on the soil nutrition characteristics of the typical grassland of China and Mongolia: the grazing mode, grazing intensity and the distance of water source have no significant influence on the soil nutrient content and proportion in the typical grassland of Mongolia, but in the typical steppe of Inner Mongolia, the grazing mode, grazing intensity and water distance have great influence on China. There are significant differences between the surface soil nutrition characteristics of the typical steppe in Inner Mongolia and Mongolia. The N, P, K content of Inner Mongolia soil (0.62 G. Kg-1,0.23g. Kg-1,6.66g. Kg-1) is significantly lower than Mongolia N, P, K content (14.97 G. Kg-1,0.45). The results of the study showed that the total average soil seed bank density (3098.92 grain m2) in Mongolia was significantly higher than that of the typical prairie (2492.29. M2) in China. The soil seed bank density (3122.26 (M2)) of the typical steppe of the four seasons nomadic (3122.26 grain. M2) was significantly higher than that in the two quarter of Inner Mongolia (1578.55. M-2), and the seed of the grassland in Mongolia. The density of the subpool (11963.03 grain. M2) was significantly higher than the Inner Mongolia grassland (2350.73 grain. M2); the soil seed bank density (1643.41 grain m2) of the typical pasture grassland in Inner Mongolia was significantly higher than that of the seed bank density (3207.66. M 2) in the pasture pasture of Mongolia, and the results of the ecological differences in the different grazing systems of the Mongolia plateau in the.8. plateau of China: Inner Mongolia, China After long-term settlement, the food chain of grassland organism breaks, blocking the mutual complementation of material flow and reducing the stability of grassland biodiversity. The grassland ecosystem is fragmented and managed, which breaks the balanced development of grassland ecosystem and is not conducive to the natural recovery of ecological damage of grassland ecosystem, while the Mongolia nomadic system is the opposite. The constantly changing and moving grazing methods adapt to the complex climate change, topography, and plant community characteristics of the Mongolia plateau, and maintain the integrity and sustainable utilization of the typical grassland ecosystem in the Mongolia plateau. The nomadic system on the Mongolia plateau has its unique social and natural attributes, and has its strict scientific and ecological value. We should pay attention to the systematic study of nomadic system in Mongolia, carry forward its ecological value, and develop the intelligent nomadic system of Mongolia nationality with modern technology.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：內(nèi)蒙古農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2017
【分類號(hào)】：S812
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本文編號(hào)：2096167