【摘要】：血吸蟲病是一種人畜共患寄生蟲病。我國血吸蟲病流行情況目前仍比較嚴(yán)重,主要分布以湖沼型流行區(qū)為主的湖南、湖北、安徽、江西、江蘇以及以山區(qū)型流行區(qū)為主的云南、四川兩省。錢糧湖地區(qū)位于東洞庭湖之西北角,歷史上一直為釘螺密布的血吸蟲病易感地帶。本文旨在研究錢糧湖地區(qū)釘螺自然消長的情況及其對血吸蟲病疫情的影響,探索釘螺自然消亡的可能原因,為制定血吸蟲病防治策略提供參考依據(jù)。整個研究分為3部分：第一部分東洞庭湖錢糧湖地區(qū)垸外洲灘釘螺自然消長情況分析目的了解東洞庭湖錢糧湖地區(qū)垸外釘螺自然消長的變化情況,為制定血吸蟲病防治策略提供參考依據(jù)。方法回顧性收集1988-2011年間錢糧湖地區(qū)垸外的查螺資料,逐年比較螺情指標(biāo)的變化趨勢,并對這些螺情指標(biāo)進行相關(guān)性分析。結(jié)果1988-2011年垸外洲灘每年查螺面積未變化,均為433.2 hm2。1988-1998年活螺平均密度、釘螺感染率變化趨勢不明顯(P0.05),但釘螺死亡率有下降趨勢(P0.05)；感染性釘螺密度與釘螺死亡率(R=0.640,P0.05)、釘螺感染率(R=0.639,P0.05)和活螺平均密度(R=0.646,P0.05)呈正相關(guān),未發(fā)現(xiàn)其它螺情指標(biāo)之間存在明顯的相關(guān)關(guān)系；1999年查螺僅發(fā)現(xiàn)7只釘螺,其中1只活螺,無感染性釘螺；2000-2011每年均未查到活螺。結(jié)論錢糧湖垸外洲灘1988-1998年活螺平均密度變化不明顯,1999年釘螺數(shù)量驟減,直至目前仍維持無螺狀態(tài)。第二部分東洞庭湖釘螺自然消亡地區(qū)單殼類軟體動物分布調(diào)查目的了解東洞庭湖釘螺自然消亡地區(qū)單殼類軟體動物的分布,探索釘螺消亡的可能原因,為制定血吸蟲病防治策略提供參考依據(jù)。方法于2013年8月對錢糧湖、建新、君山公園地區(qū)進行水體單殼類軟體動物調(diào)查,對樣本進行分類鑒定后,對數(shù)據(jù)進行Shapiro-Wilk正態(tài)性檢驗和非參數(shù)檢驗。應(yīng)用生物多樣性指數(shù)對不同現(xiàn)場的生物多樣性進行比較。結(jié)果所收集的樣本初步鑒定為腹足綱3科6種：圓口螺科包括湖北釘螺,豆螺科包括紋沼螺、長角涵螺、中華沼螺、赤豆螺,椎實螺科一種未鑒定到種,暫定為蘿卜螺。君山公園外洲水體共采集到單殼類軟體動物4553只,其中釘螺1 264只；建新未采集到釘螺,其余單殼類軟體動物共計336只；而錢糧湖僅采集到7只長角涵螺、2只中華沼螺和1只紋沼螺。3個現(xiàn)場螺類分布的差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(,=166.225,P0.01)。錢糧湖地區(qū)、建新地區(qū)及君山公園的辛普森多樣性指數(shù)分別為0.4028、0.7186及0.6788,香農(nóng)-威納多樣性指數(shù)分別為0.7215、1.4313及1.1999。結(jié)論錢糧湖地區(qū)釘螺消亡的同時,其他種類單殼類軟體動物無論是種類上還是數(shù)量上都已十分稀少,兩者原因是否相關(guān)還有待進一步研究。第三部分東洞庭湖釘螺自然消亡對血吸蟲病疫情的影響分析目的了解東洞庭湖釘螺消亡地區(qū)血吸蟲病疫情的變化情況,為制定血吸蟲病防治策略提供參考依據(jù)。方法選取釘螺消亡的錢糧湖地區(qū)作為實驗現(xiàn)場,同時選取相鄰有螺分布的柳林洲地區(qū)作為對照現(xiàn)場,回顧性地分別收集兩個現(xiàn)場1998-2010年間每年的居民感染率、家畜感染率及螺情等血吸蟲病疫情資料,逐年比較疫情指標(biāo)的變化趨勢。結(jié)果1998-2010年錢糧湖地區(qū)和柳林洲地區(qū)的居民感染率、家畜感染率均有下降趨勢(P0.05)。其中,1998年兩地區(qū)的居民感染率無顯著差異(P0.05)；而自2004年起錢糧湖地區(qū)的居民感染率和家畜感染率顯著低于柳林洲地區(qū)(P0.05)；1998年錢糧湖地區(qū)活螺平均密度為0.434只/0.1m2,之后每年活螺平均密度一直為0；而柳林洲地區(qū)活螺平均密度1998-2003年一直在0.3只/框左右,到2004-2010年上升到1只/框以上,最高時達(dá)到2.384只/框。結(jié)論釘螺消亡可以降低錢糧湖地區(qū)居民血吸蟲病感染率和牛血吸蟲病感染率。
[Abstract]:Schistosomiasis is a zoonotic parasitic disease. The epidemic situation of schistosomiasis in China is still serious. It mainly distributes in Hunan, Hubei, Anhui, Jiangxi, Jiangsu, Yunnan and Sichuan provinces. Qianlianghu region is located in the northwest corner of Dongting Lake, and has been a nail in history. Schistosomiasis susceptible areas are densely populated with snails. The purpose of this paper is to study the natural growth and decline of snails in Qiandongliang Lake area and its influence on the epidemic situation of schistosomiasis, to explore the possible reasons for the natural disappearance of snails, and to provide reference for the formulation of schistosomiasis control strategies. Objective To understand the natural fluctuation of Oncomelania snails on the beach and provide reference for the formulation of schistosomiasis control strategies in Qianlianghu area of Dongting Lake. Results The average density of live snails was 433.2 hm2.1988-1998, and the change trend of snail infection rate was not obvious (P 0.05), but the mortality of snails decreased (P 0.05); the density of infectious snails and the mortality of snails (R = 0.640, P 0.05), and the infection rate of snails (R = 0.639, P 0.05). There was a positive correlation between P 0.05 and the average density of live snails (R = 0.646, P 0.05), but no significant correlation was found between the average density of live snails and other snails. The number of Oncomelania hupensis decreased sharply in the past nine years, and it still remained in a snail-free state until now. The second part is the investigation of the distribution of unishell molluscs in the natural extinction area of Oncomelania hupensis in Dongting Lake. Methods In August, 2013, a survey of unishell mollusks in Qianlianghu, Jianxin and Junshan Park was carried out. After classifying and identifying the samples, Shapiro-Wilk normal test and non-parametric test were performed on the data. Biodiversity indices were used to compare the biodiversity of different sites. There are 6 species in 3 families of Gastropoda: Oncomelania hupehensis, Oncomelania chinensis, Oncomelania chinensis, Oncomelania chinensis, Oncomelania chinensis, Oncomelania chinensis, and Oncomelania. A total of 4553 mollusks, including 1 264 Oncomelania, were collected from the waters outside Junshan Park. There were 336 mollusks in Qianlianghu Lake, but only 7 snails, 2 snails and 1 snail were collected from Qianlianghu Lake. The distribution of three snails in Qianlianghu Lake area was statistically significant (= 166.225, P 0.01). Simpson diversity indices of Jianxin area and Junshan Park were 0.4028, 0.7186 and 0.6788, respectively. ConclusionWhile the snails were extinct in Qianlianghu area, the other species of univalve molluscs were scarce both in species and quantity. Whether the two causes were related remains to be further studied. Objective To understand the changes of schistosomiasis epidemic situation in the area of snail extinction in Dongting Lake and provide reference for formulating schistosomiasis control strategies. Results From 1998 to 2010, the infection rates of residents in Qianlianghu and Liulinzhou areas were all declining (P 0.05). There was no significant difference in the infection rates between the two areas in 1998 (P 0.05). The average density of live snails in Qianlianghu area was 0.434/0.1m2 in 1998, and the average density of live snails in Liulinzhou area was about 0.3/frame in 1998-2003, and increased to 2004-2010. Conclusion The extinction of Oncomelania hupensis can reduce the prevalence of schistosomiasis and bovine schistosomiasis.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：復(fù)旦大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2014
【分類號】：R532.21

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