本文選題：約瑟夫·康拉德 + 《諾斯托羅莫》　； 參考：《湘潭大學(xué)》2013年碩士論文

【摘要】：約瑟夫·康拉德(1857-1924)是二十世紀(jì)英國(guó)一位嚴(yán)肅的現(xiàn)實(shí)主義小說(shuō)家。出版于1904年的《諾斯托羅莫》是康拉德社會(huì)政治小說(shuō)中最杰出的一部，其宏偉的場(chǎng)面、多變的視角和錯(cuò)綜復(fù)雜的結(jié)構(gòu)一度成為評(píng)論界研究的焦點(diǎn)。但對(duì)于一部以社會(huì)變革為背景的小說(shuō)，少有研究者對(duì)這部作品中體現(xiàn)的英雄主義給予重視，從英雄角度出發(fā)來(lái)探討其社會(huì)意義的成果也較為少見(jiàn)。 在人類(lèi)社會(huì)發(fā)展過(guò)程中，英雄主義是逐漸形成并一直為人們所推崇的精神價(jià)值觀，內(nèi)在的崇高性以及英勇的行為都是英雄主義恒久不變的內(nèi)涵。英雄備出的時(shí)代通常都是社會(huì)格局混亂的時(shí)代，在以政治動(dòng)蕩的柯斯塔瓜納為背景的小說(shuō)中，英雄也成為了不可缺少的元素。然而康拉德筆下對(duì)“英雄”的塑造卻顛覆了傳統(tǒng)的英雄觀念，在該小說(shuō)中，各類(lèi)英雄人物的變化不僅是個(gè)人私欲的誘導(dǎo)，更有其深刻的社會(huì)因素。 社會(huì)歷史批評(píng)是從社會(huì)歷史發(fā)展角度觀察、分析、評(píng)價(jià)文學(xué)現(xiàn)象的一種文學(xué)批評(píng)方法。它重視作家的思想傾向，強(qiáng)調(diào)文學(xué)作品的價(jià)值和社會(huì)作用。二十世紀(jì)初期，社會(huì)局勢(shì)動(dòng)蕩不安，社會(huì)歷史批評(píng)的發(fā)展在這一變革時(shí)期找到了沃土。在前人的影響下，英國(guó)批評(píng)家考德威爾進(jìn)一步指出文學(xué)批評(píng)應(yīng)發(fā)揮積極的社會(huì)功能，并且要從社會(huì)歷史變遷中考察文學(xué)的意義。《諾斯托羅莫》是一部有著宏大的社會(huì)背景和包含著復(fù)雜的人物心理的現(xiàn)代小說(shuō)。從社會(huì)歷史角度來(lái)解析該小說(shuō)中被顛覆的英雄人物形象與社會(huì)變革之間的聯(lián)系，有利于我們進(jìn)一步了解康拉德的英雄觀和社會(huì)理想。 本文運(yùn)用社會(huì)歷史批評(píng)方法，從英雄主義角度出發(fā)，以三類(lèi)不同的人物為切入點(diǎn)，以幻滅、逃避和反抗為邏輯關(guān)鍵詞，探討動(dòng)亂社會(huì)催生的悲劇英雄、虛假英雄和非英雄這三類(lèi)人物的反應(yīng)以及命運(yùn)，進(jìn)而探究了其背后的個(gè)人和社會(huì)原因。繼導(dǎo)語(yǔ)部分介紹了國(guó)內(nèi)外對(duì)于該小說(shuō)的研究現(xiàn)狀以及本文的可行性和研究意義后，正文首先分析了理想破滅的悲劇英雄。投身革命的諾斯托羅莫和德考得最后遭遇背叛，陷入絕望，甚至面臨死亡。而他們悲劇的結(jié)局實(shí)則源于其個(gè)人信念與社會(huì)現(xiàn)實(shí)的對(duì)立。然后分析了選擇逃避的虛假英雄。在一步步揭開(kāi)高爾德和諾斯托羅莫光鮮英雄外衣的同時(shí)，力圖表明英雄表象與本質(zhì)之間的反差并且探析逃避的原因。最后分析了走向反抗的非英雄。作為普通人的赫爾南迪茲和莫尼漢姆卻走上了反抗之路，又在危險(xiǎn)關(guān)頭挺身而出。然而非英雄的出現(xiàn)卻是對(duì)一個(gè)不安社會(huì)的控訴。通過(guò)以上分析，結(jié)語(yǔ)部分試圖闡明小說(shuō)人物從幻滅到逃避、從逃避再到反抗的過(guò)程，這一過(guò)程反映了動(dòng)蕩時(shí)代人們心理的變化發(fā)展過(guò)程以及身處變革時(shí)代的焦慮與無(wú)奈。借助《諾斯托羅莫》，康拉德不僅傳達(dá)了一種危機(jī)意識(shí)，更透露出他對(duì)社會(huì)現(xiàn)實(shí)的深刻憂思。
[Abstract]:Joseph Conrad (1857-1924) is a serious realistic novelist in England in the 20th century. Northromo published in 1904 is the most outstanding one in Conrad's social and political novels. Its magnificent scenes, varied perspectives and complicated structure have once become the focus of critical research. However, for a novel with social change as its background, few researchers attach importance to the heroism embodied in this novel, and the achievement of exploring its social significance from the perspective of heroes is also relatively rare. In the course of the development of human society, heroism is gradually formed and has been respected by the people of the spiritual values, the inner sublime and heroic behavior are the constant connotation of heroism. The era in which heroes are prepared is usually an era of social chaos. In the novels set by Costaguana, political turmoil, heroes also become an indispensable element. However, Conrad's portrayal of "Hero" subverts the traditional concept of hero. In this novel, the changes of all kinds of heroes are not only the inducement of personal lust, but also the profound social factors. Social and historical criticism is a method of literary criticism to observe, analyze and evaluate literary phenomena from the perspective of social and historical development. It attaches importance to the writer's ideological tendency and emphasizes the value and social function of literary works. In the early 20th century, the social situation was unstable, and the development of social historical criticism found fertile ground in this period of change. Under the influence of his predecessors, the British critic Caldwell further pointed out that literary criticism should play an active social role. It is also necessary to examine the significance of literature from the perspective of social and historical vicissitude. Gnosticomo is a modern novel with a great social background and complex characters' psychology. From the perspective of social history, it is helpful for us to further understand Conrad's hero view and social ideal by analyzing the connection between the subversive hero image and the social change in the novel. Using the method of social and historical criticism, starting from the perspective of heroism, taking three kinds of different characters as the breakthrough point, taking disillusionment, escape and resistance as logical keywords, this paper discusses the tragic heroes born of the turbulent society. The reactions and fates of these three kinds of characters, false heroes and non-heroes, are discussed, and the personal and social reasons behind them are explored. After the introduction part introduces the domestic and foreign research status of the novel and the feasibility and significance of this paper, the text first analyzes the disillusioned tragic hero. The revolutionaries, Northtolomo and de Kaud, were eventually betrayed, desperate, and even faced with death. And their tragic ending is actually derived from the opposition between their personal beliefs and social reality. Then it analyzes the false heroes who choose to escape. In the process of uncovering Gold and Gnotholomo's splendid heroic coat step by step, the author tries to show the contrast between the appearance and essence of the hero and to explore the reasons of escape. Finally, it analyzes the non-hero who moves toward resistance. As ordinary people, Hernandez and Moneham are on the path of revolt and stand up in danger. But the emergence of non-heroes is an indictment of an uneasy society. Through the above analysis, the conclusion part attempts to clarify the process of the characters from disillusionment to escape, from escape to resistance, which reflects the process of psychological change and development of people in turbulent times and anxiety and helplessness in times of change. With Gnostoromo, Conrad not only conveys a sense of crisis, but also reveals his deep concern about social reality.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：湘潭大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2013
【分類(lèi)號(hào)】：I561.074

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本文編號(hào)：1799759