發(fā)布時(shí)間：2019-02-14 14:19

【摘要】：本文將“怎么”界定為現(xiàn)代漢語(yǔ)中的話語(yǔ)標(biāo)記,在充分繼承和吸收前人研究成果的基礎(chǔ)上,以系統(tǒng)功能語(yǔ)言學(xué)、連貫理論、關(guān)聯(lián)理論、主觀性理論和語(yǔ)法化理論等為基礎(chǔ),采用共時(shí)與歷時(shí)相結(jié)合、描寫(xiě)與解釋相結(jié)合、語(yǔ)料搜集與數(shù)據(jù)統(tǒng)計(jì)相結(jié)合的方法,對(duì)話語(yǔ)標(biāo)記“怎么”進(jìn)行了多角度的考察。 全文共分六章： 第一章緒論。本章從“怎么”的詞性、語(yǔ)義功能、句法表現(xiàn)、“怎么”的變體及對(duì)比研究等方面,全面梳理前人時(shí)賢關(guān)于“怎么”的研究成果,指出其存在的不足,并介紹本文的研究思路和方法。 第二章話語(yǔ)標(biāo)記“怎么”的界定。本章將話語(yǔ)標(biāo)記界定為：廣泛存在于話語(yǔ)中、句法結(jié)構(gòu)上相對(duì)獨(dú)立、只具有程序性功能、語(yǔ)音上可以識(shí)別的表達(dá)形式。由此認(rèn)定出現(xiàn)在句首,有短暫停頓與后續(xù)句隔開(kāi),不具備疑問(wèn)功能、只表達(dá)交際意義的“怎么”為話語(yǔ)標(biāo)記。語(yǔ)料分析表明,話語(yǔ)標(biāo)記“怎么”常表示陳述語(yǔ)氣,或表示反詰、責(zé)問(wèn)語(yǔ)氣；其后續(xù)句則多為表反詰、責(zé)問(wèn)的是非問(wèn)和特指問(wèn),流水句和零句也較為常見(jiàn)。 第三章話語(yǔ)標(biāo)記“怎么”的語(yǔ)體特征與語(yǔ)篇功能。語(yǔ)體分布方面,話語(yǔ)標(biāo)記“怎么”主要出現(xiàn)在對(duì)話語(yǔ)體中,在非對(duì)話語(yǔ)體中使用較少,且多表示人物內(nèi)心獨(dú)白或作者旁白,具有虛擬的對(duì)話語(yǔ)體特征。語(yǔ)篇功能方面,話語(yǔ)標(biāo)記“怎么”具有話輪轉(zhuǎn)換、話輪延續(xù)的話輪組織功能,以及話題啟動(dòng)、話題轉(zhuǎn)換的話題處理功能。 第四章話語(yǔ)標(biāo)記“怎么”的非預(yù)期功能與人際功能。話語(yǔ)標(biāo)記“怎么”具有表達(dá)反預(yù)期信息、預(yù)期外(未預(yù)期)信息、超預(yù)期信息、負(fù)預(yù)期信息等非預(yù)期功能；具有驚訝、不滿、推測(cè)、關(guān)切等4種情感表態(tài)功能和引起注意、停頓填充、反駁質(zhì)問(wèn)、玩笑調(diào)侃、諷刺挑釁等5種交際互動(dòng)功能,這體現(xiàn)了語(yǔ)言的主觀性和交互主觀性�！霸趺础钡娜穗H功能源于其非預(yù)期功能,并以非預(yù)期功能為基礎(chǔ)。 第五章話語(yǔ)標(biāo)記“怎么”的形成及其動(dòng)因�！霸趺础钡脑捳Z(yǔ)標(biāo)記用法萌芽于元代、發(fā)展于明代,到清代基本發(fā)展成熟�！霸趺础钡恼Z(yǔ)法化和話語(yǔ)標(biāo)記功能的形成,有多方面的原因：?jiǎn)栐虻囊蓡?wèn)代詞“怎么：”與句中主要?jiǎng)釉~的關(guān)系松散,在句中的位置靈活,是其發(fā)展出話語(yǔ)標(biāo)記用法的句法基礎(chǔ)；在反詰句中獲得否定含義,發(fā)展出具有意外意味的話語(yǔ)標(biāo)記,是疑問(wèn)代詞“怎么”語(yǔ)法化的語(yǔ)義機(jī)制；語(yǔ)用推理是話語(yǔ)標(biāo)記“怎么”形成的關(guān)鍵機(jī)制；隱喻是“怎么”語(yǔ)義轉(zhuǎn)變的認(rèn)知機(jī)制。 第六章結(jié)語(yǔ)�？偨Y(jié)本文的研究?jī)?nèi)容,并指出研究不足和待解決的問(wèn)題。
[Abstract]:This paper defines "how" as a discourse marker in modern Chinese, which is based on systemic functional linguistics, coherence theory, relevance theory, subjective theory and grammaticalization theory, on the basis of inheriting and absorbing the previous research achievements. Using the methods of synchronic and diachronic, description and explanation, data collection and statistics, this paper makes a multi-angle investigation on the discourse marker "how". The full text is divided into six chapters: the first chapter is an introduction. From the aspects of "how", semantic function, syntactic expression, variation of "how" and comparative study, this chapter comprehensively combs the research results of "how" and points out its shortcomings. The research ideas and methods of this paper are also introduced. The second chapter is the definition of "how" of discourse markers. In this chapter, discourse markers are defined as expressions widely existing in discourse, relatively independent in syntactic structure, having only programmed functions and recognizable expressions in speech. It is concluded that in the beginning of the sentence, there is a short pause separated from the subsequent sentence, which does not have the function of questioning, but only the "how" of expressing the communicative meaning as the discourse marker. The data analysis shows that the discourse marker "how" usually indicates the mood of statement, or the cross-examination and the tone of questioning; the following sentences are mostly rhetorical, the questions of right and wrong and specific questions are often asked, and the flowing sentences and zero sentences are also more common. Chapter three is about the stylistic features and textual functions of the discourse marker "how". In the aspect of stylistic distribution, the discourse marker "how" mainly appears in the discourse style, and is less used in the non-conversational style, and it mostly indicates the characters' inner monologue or the author's narration, and has the virtual dialogue style characteristic. In terms of discourse function, the discourse marker "how" has the functions of turn-shifting, turn-continuing organization, topic initiation and topic processing. The fourth chapter is about the unexpected function and interpersonal function of the discourse marker "how". The utterance marker "how" has the unanticipated function such as expressing the anti-expectation information, the expected (unexpected) information, the superexpected information, the negative anticipatory information and so on; It has five kinds of interactive functions, such as surprise, dissatisfaction, speculation and concern, pause filling, refutation and questioning, joke and ridicule, satire and provocation, which reflect the subjectivity and interaction subjectivity of language. The interpersonal function of "how" originates from its unexpected function and is based on unexpected function. Chapter five: the formation and motivation of discourse marker "how". The use of "how" discourse markers sprouted in the Yuan Dynasty, developed in the Ming Dynasty, and matured in the Qing Dynasty. There are many reasons for the grammaticalization of "how" and the formation of the function of discourse markers: the interrogative pronoun "how:" is loosely related to the main verbs in the sentence, and its position in the sentence is flexible. It is the syntactic basis of developing the use of discourse markers. It is the semantic mechanism of grammaticalization of interrogative pronouns to obtain negative meanings in rhetorical sentences and develop discourse markers with unexpected meanings, while pragmatic reasoning is the key mechanism for the formation of discourse markers. Metaphor is the cognitive mechanism of semantic transformation of "how". Chapter VI conclusion. This paper summarizes the research content, and points out the lack of research and problems to be solved.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：華東師范大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2013
【分類(lèi)號(hào)】：H136

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