本文選題：對策 + 應用文寫作　； 參考：《廣西師范學院》2013年碩士論文

【摘要】：“對策”起源于漢初，興盛于唐宋，是古代推行策試制度而產生的一種應用文體。這種策試制度，或由皇帝親自提出“策問”，或由代表皇權的主考官署提出“策問”，應試士子的回答則稱為“對策”。作為古代文化的寶貴遺產，研究“對策”的歷史發(fā)展及其藝術特點，可以領略古人“對策”的歷史貢獻及其獨特魅力；窺而研究古代“策問”對現代“申論”考試的影響，可以幫助我們從中汲取精髓，“古為今用”，發(fā)展和完善現代選拔人才的考試制度，改革和優(yōu)化現代學校的教育教學，為培養(yǎng)社會主義現代化建設人才服務。 當前，我國專門研究“對策”的論文并不是很多，研究古代策試制度的文章也屈指可數，而且將古代“對策”與現代“申論”聯(lián)系起來研究的則更為少見。這就說明，對“對策”的歷史及其演變的研究，對古代“對策”與現代“申論”傳承關系的研究，仍有進一步拓展的空間。 本文除“引言”外共分為四章。 第一章，論述古代“對策”的產生及其發(fā)展。著重考察了兩漢的“察舉制”、隋唐“科舉制”以及宋代“經義取士”制度及其“對策”的發(fā)展變化，也概要地論述了賈誼、董仲舒、白居易、蘇軾等人對策的特色。 第二章，探究古代“對策”的藝術特點。古代優(yōu)秀的對策章有著獨特的藝術特點：“對策”的中心思想為宣揚某種理論主張，大力闡明治理天下的道理，即以“對策揄揚、大明治道”作為文章主旨；情感線貫穿于“對策”的始末，“為情造文，情信辭巧”；說理多用修辭，善于“喻巧理至，循循善誘”；為了得到考官的賞識，“對策”的作者要具備“風恢恢能遠，，流洋洋而不溢”的語言表現能力。 第三章，研究現代“申論”對古代“對策”繼承和發(fā)展�！吧暾摗笨荚噷糯皩Σ摺笨荚嚨睦^承，其一是他們都是選拔“通才”的考察方式；其二，試題考察都貼近現實內容。但“申論”作為新時期的產物，“申論”相比古代“對策”有著新的特點，“申論”比“對策”更有濃厚的現代化氣息，“申論”更強調應試者實際的工作能力。 第四章，探討“申論”寫作的發(fā)展趨勢及其啟示。在展望“申論”寫作的發(fā)展趨勢之后，筆者認為：“申論”考試帶給我們的現實啟示意義有三點：其一，要端正學生的寫作觀念，提高學生的寫作水平；其二，要發(fā)揮媒體的引導作用，正確使用應用文文種，保持文公的嚴肅性，最大程度地維護社會文化的純潔性。其三，優(yōu)化學校的教育教學，扎扎實實地提高大中專院校的學生解決實際問題的工作能力，讓學生文質并重、全面發(fā)展。 總之，研究“對策”并不是就考試而論考試�！皩Σ摺笔俏覈糯鷥�(yōu)秀的文化遺產，它不僅蘊含著深厚的思想藝術特質，而且體現了選拔人才、培養(yǎng)人才的許多合理因素。通過深入探討“對策”的歷史演變及其對現代“申論”的影響，正確認識“申論”寫作的發(fā)展趨勢，將對當下應用文教學、應用文理論的研究和人才培養(yǎng)機制產生重要的啟迪意義。
[Abstract]:"Countermeasures" originated in the early Han Dynasty and flourished in the Tang and Song dynasties. It was an application style produced by the ancient implementation of the game system. This kind of game system, or the emperor personally put forward "question", or "question" by the imperial examination official department, and the answer of the examiners, is called "countermeasure". The historical development and artistic features of the policy can appreciate the historical contribution and unique charm of the ancient people 's "countermeasures", and the study of the influence of ancient "questioning" on the modern "bid" examination can help us draw the essence, "be the present for the present", develop and perfect the examination system for the present generation of talent selection, reform and optimize the modern times. Education and teaching in schools serve the training of talents in socialist modernization.
At present, there are not many papers on "countermeasures" in our country. There are few articles to study the ancient game system, and the study of ancient "countermeasures" and modern "application" is more rare. This shows that the study of the history and evolution of the "countermeasures" and the ancient "Countermeasures" and the modern "bid" The study of inheritance relations still has room for further development.
In addition to the "Introduction", this article is divided into four chapters.
The first chapter discusses the emergence and development of the ancient "countermeasures". It focuses on the development and changes of the "examination system" in the Han Dynasty, the "imperial examination system" in the Sui and Tang Dynasties and the "Confucian classics" and the "countermeasures" in the Song Dynasty. It also outlines the characteristics of the Countermeasures of Jia Yi, Dong Zhongshu, Bai Juyi and Su Shi.
The second chapter explores the artistic characteristics of the ancient "countermeasures". The ancient excellent countermeasures have unique artistic features: the central idea of "countermeasures" is to proclaim some theoretical ideas and to vigorously clarify the principle of governing the world, that is, the main purpose of the article is "countermeasures to praise and Daming the Road", and the emotional line runs through the beginning and end of the "countermeasure". In order to get the recognition of the examiner, the author of the "countermeasure" should have the language expressive ability of "the wind can be far away and the ocean is not overflowing".
The third chapter studies the inheritance and development of the ancient "countermeasures" in the modern "bid theory". The "bid" examination inherits the ancient "countermeasure" examination, one is that they are all the methods of selecting "the general talent"; secondly, the examination questions are all close to the realistic content. But the "bid theory" is the product of the new period, and the "bid theory" is compared to the ancient "countermeasures" With the new characteristics, the "Shen theory" is more modern than the "countermeasures". "Shen theory" emphasizes the practical ability of the candidates.
The fourth chapter discusses the development trend and the Enlightenment of the "bid" writing. After looking forward to the development trend of the "bid" writing, the author holds that the "Shen theory" examination brings us three practical implications: first, to correct the students' writing concept and improve the students' writing level; secondly, to play the guiding role of the media, it is necessary to give full play to the guiding role of the media. To ensure the seriousness of the literature and maintain the purity of social culture to the greatest extent. Thirdly, to optimize the education and teaching of the school, to improve the ability of the students to solve practical problems in the colleges and universities, to make the quality of the students equal and to make a comprehensive development.
In a word, the study of "countermeasures" is not an examination on examination. "Countermeasures" is an excellent cultural heritage in ancient China. It not only contains profound ideological and artistic characteristics, but also embodies many reasonable factors for selecting talents and cultivating talents. A clear understanding of the development trend of the "Shen theory" writing will have important implications for the current practical teaching, the application of literary theory and the personnel training mechanism.
【學位授予單位】：廣西師范學院
【學位級別】：碩士
【學位授予年份】：2013
【分類號】：H152.3-4

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