本文選題：錯(cuò)位修飾 + 語法隱喻�。� 參考：《上海外國語大學(xué)》2013年博士論文

【摘要】：本論文是在語法隱喻理論框架下，，為漢語和英語中錯(cuò)位修飾現(xiàn)象的語義句法特征、認(rèn)知機(jī)制和社會(huì)功能動(dòng)因作了統(tǒng)一的描寫與解釋。錯(cuò)位修飾是指句法的修飾關(guān)系和語義的修飾關(guān)系不一致的現(xiàn)象。系統(tǒng)功能語言學(xué)把語義層和詞匯語法層之間的交叉耦合稱為語法隱喻，因此錯(cuò)位修飾現(xiàn)象屬于一類語法隱喻。 現(xiàn)有語法隱喻研究主要聚焦于名物化現(xiàn)象，鮮有對(duì)動(dòng)名互轉(zhuǎn)之外的修飾語轉(zhuǎn)換研究。論文以語言的三大純理功能為基本框架，并融合了認(rèn)知語言學(xué)的方法。其中在概念功能分析中吸收了意象圖式、隱/轉(zhuǎn)喻和概念整合的思想，以加的夫語法作為主要分析工具；在人際功能分析中融入了主觀化研究內(nèi)容，在語篇功能分析中融入了象似性分析。 從句法功能出發(fā)，論文分別對(duì)錯(cuò)位修飾狀語和錯(cuò)位修飾定語展開研究；依據(jù)級(jí)轉(zhuǎn)移的方向性，錯(cuò)位修飾語又被分為級(jí)階上移類、級(jí)階不變類和級(jí)階下移類。 在概念功能上，錯(cuò)位修飾狀語是屬性義和狀態(tài)/結(jié)果義互動(dòng)的結(jié)果，固定的屬性義減弱，而臨時(shí)的狀態(tài)義增強(qiáng)；在人際功能上，論元修飾語轉(zhuǎn)為謂詞修飾語后，小句的情態(tài)意義和評(píng)價(jià)意義顯著增強(qiáng)，具有了更高的言者主觀性；在語篇功能上，對(duì)指賓狀語而言，隱喻式中狀語句法位置提前，成為小句的焦點(diǎn)或次級(jí)焦點(diǎn)，被突顯和前景化，更容易被聽話人優(yōu)先處理。 漢語包括指賓狀語句和指主狀語句，而英語多為指主狀語句。漢語指賓狀語在英語中依據(jù)狀語與動(dòng)詞之間關(guān)系類型以不同形式體現(xiàn)，當(dāng)修飾語與動(dòng)作之間為伴隨關(guān)系時(shí)，在英語中多體現(xiàn)為賓補(bǔ)形式；而表達(dá)動(dòng)作結(jié)果的修飾語，英語多體現(xiàn)為定語。英語名詞修飾語級(jí)階上移為動(dòng)詞修飾語的難度遠(yuǎn)大于漢語，因此漢語采用隱喻式修飾時(shí)，英語多采用一致式的修飾關(guān)系。 在文體選擇性上，錯(cuò)位修飾狀語都主要出現(xiàn)在小說和報(bào)刊新聞的描寫部分，而在口語和學(xué)術(shù)文體中很少出現(xiàn)。主要有三個(gè)原因：1）錯(cuò)位修飾狀語的主要起描寫功能，滿足了小說或新聞報(bào)道里對(duì)生動(dòng)描寫的文體需求2）參與者修飾語級(jí)階上移為狀語體現(xiàn)了更高的言者主觀性，因此與科技文體和學(xué)術(shù)文體對(duì)語言客觀性的要求不符；3）錯(cuò)位修飾狀語導(dǎo)致修飾語和語義中心語脫離，違背了語言的象似性原則，與口語即時(shí)加工、在線處理的要求不符。 錯(cuò)位修飾定語包括級(jí)階下移類和級(jí)階不變兩類。其中，級(jí)階下移類為飾行修飾語轉(zhuǎn)作定語，語法隱喻度更高；級(jí)階不變類為名詞之間的錯(cuò)位修飾，多為情貌修飾語錯(cuò)位修飾事件名詞或無生命名詞。 在概念功能上，錯(cuò)位修飾定語是一種信息壓縮的產(chǎn)物。其一致式體現(xiàn)為關(guān)系小句，而隱喻式蘊(yùn)涵了謂語動(dòng)詞的語義內(nèi)容。在中心語選擇上，漢語中心語的自由度更高。英語的中心語多為名物化形式，而在漢語中可以體現(xiàn)為語義虛化的事件名詞形式。在人際功能上，錯(cuò)位修飾定語句發(fā)生人際功能向概念功能的漂移。當(dāng)一致式的環(huán)境成分發(fā)生級(jí)階下移成為隱喻式的屬性成分，相應(yīng)地小句由事件命題轉(zhuǎn)為論元。在語氣系統(tǒng)中，由于狀語和小句的語氣成分聯(lián)系更緊，而錯(cuò)位修飾成為定語后，則成為語氣系統(tǒng)中的剩余成分，評(píng)價(jià)意義減弱。在語篇功能上，錯(cuò)位修飾定語多體現(xiàn)為賓語修飾語。因?yàn)楫?dāng)語義中心語先于修飾語出現(xiàn)時(shí)，聽話人通過對(duì)接收到的信息進(jìn)行即時(shí)處理，使之成為舊信息，這樣在思維中就更容易對(duì)錯(cuò)位修飾語進(jìn)行解構(gòu)與重構(gòu)，順利實(shí)現(xiàn)語言解碼。 漢語的組合式錯(cuò)位定語多出現(xiàn)在小句述位，而英語錯(cuò)位修飾定語可出現(xiàn)在主位。原因在于句首英語錯(cuò)位修飾定語類似漢語粘合式定語，定中結(jié)構(gòu)通過大量使用，部分或完全詞匯化，語言編碼者和解碼者對(duì)此類錯(cuò)位修飾結(jié)構(gòu)已感覺不到語法隱喻性的存在，也不存在理解性的困難。 在文體選擇特征上，與錯(cuò)位修飾狀語不同，級(jí)階下移的錯(cuò)位修飾定語文體選擇更為靈活，被廣泛應(yīng)用于除口語之外的各種文體。究其原因，一致式的小句被靜態(tài)化壓縮為詞組，符合語言編碼的省力原則，體現(xiàn)了語言的經(jīng)濟(jì)性動(dòng)因，但在口語中，由于其語法隱喻性或者說形義錯(cuò)配特征加大了解碼難度，所以較少使用。
[Abstract]:This paper describes and explains the semantic syntactic features , cognitive mechanism and social function of the phenomenon of dislocation modification in Chinese and English under the framework of the theory of grammatical metaphor . The dislocation modification refers to the phenomenon that the modification relation of syntax and the modification of the semantics are inconsistent . The cross - coupling between the semantic layer and the lexical grammar layer is called grammatical metaphor . Therefore , the phenomenon of dislocation modification belongs to a kind of grammatical metaphor .

This paper mainly focuses on the phenomenon of naming materialized , and there are few studies on the transformation of modifiers except the interaction of dynamic names . The paper takes the three major functions of language as the basic frame , and combines the methods of cognitive linguistics .
The subjective research content is included in interpersonal function analysis , and iconicity analysis is included in discourse function analysis .

On the basis of the syntactic function , the thesis studies the misplacement modifier adverbial modifier and the misplacement modifier .
According to the directionality of the level transfer , the dislocation modifier is divided into the level shift , the order invariant class and the step down class .

On the conceptual function , the dislocation modifier is the result of the interaction between the semantic meaning and the state / result , and the fixed attribute value is weakened , and the temporary state sense is enhanced ;
On the interpersonal function , after the meta - modifier is converted to predicate modifier , the modal significance and the evaluation significance of the small sentence are significantly enhanced , which has higher subjectivity ;
In the function of discourse , the syntactic position of the adverbial middle - adverbial is advanced , it becomes the focus or the secondary focus of the small sentence , which is highlighted and foreground , and is more easily handled by the listener .

In Chinese , the relationship between the adverbial and the verb is embodied in different forms . When the modifier and the action are accompanied by the relationship , it is embodied in the form of the object in English ;
The modifier of the expression action results is mostly expressed in English , which is more difficult than Chinese . Therefore , when the Chinese language is modified by metaphor , English is mostly modified in a consistent style .

There are three main reasons : 1 ) The main descriptive function of the misplacement modifier , which meets the style requirement of the vivid description in the novel or news report .
3 ) Misaligned modifiers lead to the separation of modifiers and semantic centers , which is contrary to the principle of language iconicity , which is inconsistent with the requirement of instant processing and online processing .

There are two classes of dislocation modifiers , including the order shift and the order invariant . Among them , the order moves down are used as modifiers for decoration of the decoration , and the grammatical metaphor is higher .
The order invariant class is the dislocation modification between nouns , which is a noun or a non - life noun .

In this system , the semantic content of the predicate verbs is implied . In the tone system , the semantic content of the predicate verbs is higher . In the tone system , the positional shift of the Chinese central word becomes more high . In the tone system , the position of the positional deviation modifier becomes the object of the conceptual function . In the tone system , the position of the dislocation modifier becomes the object of the object . In the tone system , the misplacement modifier is made into the old information by processing the received information in real time . In this way , it is easier to deconstruct and reconstruct the dislocation modifier and realize the language decoding smoothly .

The reason lies in that the English misplacement modifier is similar to the Chinese adhesive type , and the centering structure can be used in a large number of use , partial or complete lexicalization , and the language coder and the decoder can not feel the existence of the grammatical metaphor and the difficulty of understanding .

On the basis of stylistic selection , it is more flexible than dislocation - modified adverbial modifier , which is widely used in various styles except oral English . The reason is that the consistent sentence is compressed into phrase , which accords with the labor - saving principle of language coding , which embodies the economic motivation of language , but in the oral English , because of its grammatical metaphor or its semantic mismatch feature , it increases the decoding difficulty , so it is less used .
【學(xué)位授予單位】：上海外國語大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2013
【分類號(hào)】：H314;H146

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