本文選題：顏色詞次范疇 + 體現(xiàn)形式��； 參考：《東北師范大學(xué)》2013年博士論文

【摘要】：顏色詞是人類對色彩感知、范疇化并用自然語言進(jìn)行編碼的結(jié)果，是用來描述事物顏色屬性(色調(diào)、明度和飽和度)的詞語，是人類語言中一個相對獨(dú)立且在動態(tài)發(fā)展的詞匯系統(tǒng)。顏色詞歷來是哲學(xué)家、人類學(xué)家、心理學(xué)家和語言學(xué)家等共同關(guān)心的焦點(diǎn)，也是當(dāng)代語言學(xué)研究的前沿課題之一,相關(guān)研究從不同視角展開,著述頻出。相關(guān)研究雖然各有見地，但也存在諸多局限。例如，西方學(xué)者的顏色詞研究多沿襲語言相對論與語言進(jìn)化論的理論范式，多采用傳統(tǒng)的人類學(xué)、心理學(xué)研究方法,多以英語作為元語言和對象語言，多以顏色詞基本范疇為研究對象，很少涉及顏色詞的次范疇—非基本顏色詞，所揭示的也僅是顏色詞研究中諸多問題的幾個方面。而國內(nèi)學(xué)者在進(jìn)行英漢顏色詞對比研究時(shí)，也是以顏色詞基本范疇為對象，未將顏色詞次范疇作為主要內(nèi)容來探討，既缺乏跨語言的對比分析，又缺乏對深層的語義機(jī)制闡釋。因此，本文在評述顏色詞相關(guān)研究的基礎(chǔ)上，對英漢顏色詞次范疇展開了對比研究，主要回答以下研究問題： 1.英漢顏色詞次范疇在體現(xiàn)形式方面的共性和差異是什么？ 2．英漢顏色詞次范疇在文體特征方面的共性和差異是什么？ 3.英漢顏色詞次范疇在認(rèn)知機(jī)制方面的共性和差異是什么？ 本研究依據(jù)認(rèn)知語言學(xué)的范疇化理論、概念映射理論及系統(tǒng)功能語法的例示理論，提出了英漢顏色詞次范疇對比研究的認(rèn)知語義研究模式，在此基礎(chǔ)上，基于語料庫的量化研究與質(zhì)化研究相結(jié)合的研究方法及對比研究方法，首先對問卷調(diào)查獲取的語料及選自A Dictionary of Colour、Oxford English Dictionary在線詞典、《現(xiàn)代漢語詞典》、《顏色描寫詞典》、《中國顏色名稱》、《現(xiàn)代漢語顏色詞詞表》、美國當(dāng)代英語語料庫(COCA)和北京大學(xué)現(xiàn)代漢語語料庫(CCL)的語料以及自建語料庫中的語料進(jìn)行整理、分類,考察這些語料中非基本顏色詞的出現(xiàn)和使用情況，然后進(jìn)行對比分析。對比研究發(fā)現(xiàn),英漢顏色詞次范疇在體現(xiàn)形式、文體特征及認(rèn)知機(jī)制方面均存在著共性與差異。 研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，英漢兩種語言顏色詞次范疇的形態(tài)結(jié)構(gòu)大體相同，均包含實(shí)物顏色詞、專名顏色詞、程度顏色詞及間色詞四類。然而，從體現(xiàn)形式上看，英漢非基本顏色詞除由基本顏色詞相互結(jié)合、基本顏色詞與實(shí)物名稱結(jié)合或基本顏色詞加修飾詞構(gòu)成這一共性特征外，，英語非基本顏色詞體現(xiàn)形式更加多樣，實(shí)物顏色詞及間色詞的構(gòu)成形式均多于漢語。 英漢非基本顏色詞作為以英漢基本顏色詞為認(rèn)知原型進(jìn)一步切分而成的又一原型范疇，均具有模糊性、比喻性、使用的“專門”性等語義特征及描寫功能、表情功能等語用功能，多出現(xiàn)于文學(xué)作品、汽車、手機(jī)等電子產(chǎn)品及服裝與裝飾裝潢材料等產(chǎn)品廣告中。 研究還發(fā)現(xiàn)，非基本顏色詞的衍生是次范疇化的過程；在這一過程中借助于隱喻、轉(zhuǎn)喻和概念整合等認(rèn)知方式。英漢實(shí)物顏色詞和大部分專名顏色詞是隱喻構(gòu)建的,是基于“顏色是實(shí)物”這一實(shí)體隱喻而形成的。其源域喻體主要集中在常見的植物、動物、礦物/金屬、珠寶、自然現(xiàn)象及人類活動等方面，其中“實(shí)物名稱+基本顏色詞”類實(shí)物顏色詞的源域又以植物域?yàn)樽�。而英漢各種實(shí)物顏色詞的源域喻體選擇又具有各自的特點(diǎn),例如,英語中以地名、化工及人類活動為源域喻體構(gòu)成的實(shí)物顏色詞在數(shù)量上明顯多于漢語;而“實(shí)物名稱+color(ed)/色”類實(shí)物顏色詞在源域的選擇上，漢語也以植物域?yàn)樽�，而這類英語顏色詞的源域喻體選擇沒有顯著差別。此外，人們還將某種色彩的使用者或與之相關(guān)的地名等用作喻體來表達(dá)與之相關(guān)的顏色，如：Turkey red、Alice blue、Lincolngreen、“澳門綠”、“海軍藍(lán)”等，這也從一側(cè)面反映了人們認(rèn)知水平的提高及語言表達(dá)方式的日益多樣化。 此外,英語中有數(shù)目可觀的實(shí)物顏色詞和少數(shù)專名顏色詞是通過轉(zhuǎn)喻構(gòu)建的，人們用日常生活中所熟知的植物、動物、用品、化工產(chǎn)品和寶石名稱（其中以植物名稱為最）等直接轉(zhuǎn)喻與之相關(guān)的、突顯的顏色。人們也常把地點(diǎn)與發(fā)生在該地點(diǎn)上的事件、位于該地點(diǎn)上的機(jī)構(gòu)緊密聯(lián)系起來,用地名轉(zhuǎn)喻有關(guān)的人、事件或機(jī)構(gòu)等。例如：magenta是意大利一城鎮(zhèn)，是1859年著名的馬真塔戰(zhàn)役的戰(zhàn)地，品紅這種染料恰于同年發(fā)現(xiàn)，因此,人們以該戰(zhàn)城轉(zhuǎn)喻“品紅”這一顏色。 與隱喻式實(shí)物顏色詞不同，這類轉(zhuǎn)喻式英語實(shí)物顏色詞的色彩表達(dá)已完全脫離了顏色詞范疇，僅用一實(shí)物名稱轉(zhuǎn)指其突顯的顏色，其能產(chǎn)性強(qiáng)，在英語非基本顏色詞中占有相當(dāng)?shù)谋戎?38.4%)。相比之下，漢語的此類顏色詞較少,僅占漢語非基本顏色詞總量的1.38%。而且,因?yàn)榇祟愵伾~是多義詞，其使用需要有語境提示，否則，它們只是一些實(shí)物名稱，例如:“鶴”是“鳥類的一屬”,只有在諸如“鶴發(fā)童顏”、“鶴發(fā)松姿”等詞中才轉(zhuǎn)喻表達(dá)“白色”之義。 英漢程度顏色詞是方位隱喻構(gòu)建的。漢語程度顏色詞中還有一類是通過通感隱喻構(gòu)建的。這類程度顏色詞可具體分為四類：色覺溝通聽覺顏色詞、色覺溝通味覺顏色詞、色覺溝通膚覺顏色詞和色覺溝通嗅覺顏色詞。這類顏色詞是人們通過聯(lián)想將色覺與各感官溝通而形成的，不僅表達(dá)色彩信息，還表達(dá)人們對所描述事物的愛憎情感等。相比之下，英語中除soft red等少數(shù)詞之外，很少有與漢語對應(yīng)的由通感隱喻構(gòu)建的顏色詞。這也從一個側(cè)面體現(xiàn)了所屬語言系統(tǒng)對其詞匯表達(dá)的制約。 而英漢間色詞的認(rèn)知機(jī)制是概念整合。以間色詞“藍(lán)綠”為例，它由基本顏色詞“藍(lán)”和基本顏色詞“綠”整合而成，其中，“藍(lán)”和“綠”分屬兩個輸入空間，“藍(lán)”像晴天天空的顏色，“綠”像草和樹葉茂盛時(shí)的顏色，是藍(lán)顏料和黃顏料混合成的顏色。來自兩個輸入空間的構(gòu)成成分通過跨空間的映現(xiàn)形成了一種新的色彩概念：“藍(lán)綠”色。 可見,非基本顏色詞既是是人類色彩認(rèn)知深化與跨越范疇認(rèn)知的產(chǎn)物，又是群體共識，與一個民族的文化密切相關(guān)。它直接反映語言社團(tuán)如何將色彩經(jīng)驗(yàn)識解(construe)為意義，這個認(rèn)知過程以范疇化為基礎(chǔ)。其范疇化及次范疇化反映著一個民族認(rèn)識事物的獨(dú)特思維方式。非基本顏色詞與文化語境息息相關(guān)，與其使用情景語境緊密關(guān)聯(lián)。英漢顏色詞次范疇的體現(xiàn)形式、文體特征及認(rèn)知機(jī)制的趨同性與差異性從一個側(cè)面揭示了英漢兩種語言在表征顏色范疇方面的共性與差異及語言范疇與認(rèn)知能力、群體共識、民族文化的密切關(guān)系。 本研究具有一定的理論意義和實(shí)踐意義。 首先，本研究將認(rèn)知語言學(xué)的范疇化理論和概念映射理論及系統(tǒng)功能語法的例示理論應(yīng)用于英漢顏色詞次范疇的對比研究中，一方面擴(kuò)展了相關(guān)理論的應(yīng)用范圍,另一方面加深了人們對相關(guān)理論的理解和認(rèn)識。 本研究首次對非基本顏色詞進(jìn)行定義和系統(tǒng)分類，首次提出“專名顏色詞”這一概念；并在前人研究基礎(chǔ)上提出了顏色詞次范疇對比研究的認(rèn)知語義研究模式，為不同種類詞匯范疇化研究提供了統(tǒng)一的理論框架；本研究首次運(yùn)用基于語料庫的量化研究與質(zhì)化研究相結(jié)合的研究方法對英漢顏色詞次范疇的體現(xiàn)形式、文體特征及認(rèn)知機(jī)制進(jìn)行對比分析；也是首次嘗試對顏色詞匯系統(tǒng)中的非基本顏色詞進(jìn)行全面、系統(tǒng)的分析探討。 顏色詞次范疇對比研究從一個側(cè)面揭示了兩種語言在表征顏色范疇方面的差異及兩種文化思維模式的差異；也在一定程度上支持了Levinson(1997;2003)對SapirWhorf假說新解觀點(diǎn)，即：人類語言原子層面的一致性與分子層面的差異性,豐富人們對人類跨范疇認(rèn)知的認(rèn)識；進(jìn)而加深了人們對語言范疇與非語言思維之間關(guān)系的理解。 其次，本研究從體現(xiàn)形式，文體特征和認(rèn)知機(jī)制三個方面對比分析英漢非基本顏色詞的共性和差異，對比分析的結(jié)果可對外漢語教學(xué)、英語教學(xué)、英漢翻譯和詞典編纂提供參考。
[Abstract]:Color words are the result of human perception, categorization, and coding in natural languages. It is a term used to describe the color properties of things (hue, brightness, and saturation). It is a relatively independent and dynamic lexical system in the human language. The color words have always been philosophers, anthropologists, psychologists, and linguists. The focus of concern is also one of the frontiers of contemporary linguistics. The related research is unfolded from different perspectives and has been written frequently. Although the relevant studies have various perspectives, there are many limitations. For example, the study of color words in the western scholars mostly follows the theoretical paradigm of the theory of Language Relativity and language intake. The study method of science mainly uses English as a metalanguage and object language, most of which take the basic category of color words as the research object, and seldom involve the subcategory of color words - non basic color words. It is also only a few aspects of the problems in the study of color words. The basic category of words is the object. It does not discuss the category of color terms as the main content. It lacks the comparative analysis of cross language and the explanation of the deep semantic mechanism. Therefore, on the basis of a review of the related studies of color words, this paper makes a comparative study on the category of color terms in English and Chinese, and mainly answers the following research questions:
1. what are the similarities and differences between English and Chinese subcategories of colors?
2. what are the similarities and differences between English and Chinese color subcategories in stylistic features?
3. what are the similarities and differences between English and Chinese color sub category in cognitive mechanism?
Based on the categorization theory of cognitive linguistics, the theory of conceptual mapping and the illustrative theory of systemic functional grammar, this paper puts forward the cognitive semantic research model of the contrastive study of the category of color terms in English and Chinese. On the basis of this, the research methods and comparative methods based on the combination of quantitative research and qualitative research of corpus are first of the questionnaire. The data obtained from the survey are selected from A Dictionary of Colour, Oxford English Dictionary online dictionary, modern Chinese dictionary, color description dictionary, Chinese color name, modern Chinese color word list, American Contemporary English Corpus (COCA) and Peking University modern Chinese corpus (CCL), as well as the language in the self built Corpus The materials are sorted and classified, and the appearance and use of non basic color words in these materials are examined and compared, and then the comparative analysis shows that there are similarities and differences in the forms, stylistic features and cognitive mechanisms of the categories of color terms in English and Chinese.
The study found that the morphology and structure of the categories of the two languages in English and Chinese are generally the same, including the object color words, the special name color words, the degree color words and the interval color words. However, in the form of embodiment, the non basic color words in English and Chinese are combined with the basic color words, the basic color words are combined with the physical names, or the basic color words are added. As a common feature of words, English non basic color words are more varied, and the form of color words and color words are more than Chinese.
The non basic color words in English and Chinese are another archetype category, which are further divided by the basic color words of English and Chinese as cognitive archetype. They all have fuzzy, figurative, "special" and other semantic features, descriptive functions, expression functions and other pragmatic functions, which appear in literary products, cars, mobile phones and other electronic products and clothing and ornaments. In the advertisement of the products of decoration and so on.
It is also found that the derivation of non basic color words is the process of subcategorization; in this process, it is based on metaphor, metonymy and conceptual integration. The English and Chinese physical color words and most of the special name color words are constructed by metaphor, based on the real body metaphor of "color is physical". The source domain metonymy is mainly concentrated in the process. Common plants, animals, minerals / metals, jewels, natural phenomena and human activities, among which the source domain of the physical color words like "physical name + basic color words" is the most in the plant domain, and the source domain metaphorical selection of various kinds of object color words in English and Chinese has its own characteristics, for example, in English, geographical names, chemical and human activities are the source. The physical color words made up of the domain metaphor are obviously more than the Chinese, while the "physical name +color (ED) / color" color words in the source domain are selected in the source domain, and the Chinese are also the most in the plant domain, while the source domain selection of these types of English color words is not significantly different. The other colors such as Turkey red, Alice blue, Lincolngreen, "Macao green" and "Navy Blue" are used as metonymy to reflect the improvement of people's cognitive level and the increasing diversity of language expression.
In addition, a considerable number of physical color words and a few special name color words are constructed by metonymy, and people use daily life known plants, animals, supplies, chemical products and gemstone names, such as the name of the plant, which are directly related to the color. People often take place and take place in the place. The events on the point, which are closely linked by the institutions at the site, are metonymic with people, events, or institutions. For example, magenta is a town in Italy, a famous battle of the battle of the MAGTA in 1859, and fuchsin was found just in the same year, so people metonymy "fuchsin" in the city.
Different from the metaphorical object color words, the color expression of this kind of metonymy English word color words has completely separated from the category of color words. It only uses a physical name to refer to its highlighted color. It can produce a strong property and occupies a considerable proportion in the non basic English words (38.4%). In contrast, the Chinese words are less than the Chinese. The total amount of basic color words is 1.38%. and, because such words are polysemous, they need to have contextual hints, otherwise they are only some physical names, for example, "crane" is a "one of the birds", only in words such as "cranes hair children", "cranes" and other words are metonymy to express the meaning of "white".
The color words in English and Chinese are constructed by the azimuth metaphor. There is a class of Chinese degree color words which are constructed by synaesthesia. The degree color words can be divided into four categories: color sense, auditory color words, color words, color words and color sense of smell color words. Associating with the sense of color and the sense of communication, not only expresses color information, but also expresses people's love and hatred for the things described. In contrast, there are few words in English, except for a few words like soft red, which are constructed by synaesthesia metaphor. The restriction of expression.
The cognitive mechanism of the English and Chinese words is a conceptual integration. With the "blue green" as an example, it is integrated with the basic color word "blue" and the basic color word "green". Among them, "blue" and "green" belong to two input spaces. "Blue" is like the color of the sky in clear sky. "Green" is like the color of grass and leaves when the grass and leaves flourish, and it is blue pigment and yellow. The color of the mixture is formed. The components from the two input spaces form a new color concept through the cross space mapping: "blue green" color.
It can be seen that the non basic color words are both the product of the cognitive deepening and cross category cognition of human color, and the group consensus, which is closely related to the culture of a nation. It directly reflects the meaning of the language community how to understand the color experience understanding (construe). The cognitive process is based on the model domain. Its categorization and subcategorization reflect the one. The non basic color words are closely related to the cultural context and are closely related to the context of the situation. The expression, the stylistic features and the cognitive mechanism of the English and Chinese color categories reveal the similarities and similarities between the two languages of English and Chinese in the representation of the color category from one side. Differences are closely related to language category and cognitive ability, group consensus and national culture.
This study has certain theoretical and practical significance.
First, this study applies the categorization theory and conceptual mapping theory of cognitive linguistics and the example theory of systemic functional grammar to the comparative study of the category of color terms in English and Chinese. On the one hand, it extends the application scope of the related theories, and on the other hand, it deepens people's understanding and understanding of the related theories.
In this study, the first definition of non basic color words and systematic classification is the first time to put forward the concept of "special name color words", and on the basis of previous studies, a cognitive semantic research model for the comparative study of the category of color word category is proposed, which provides a unified theoretical framework for the study of different categories of vocabulary categorization. It is the first attempt to make a comprehensive and systematic analysis of the non basic color words in the color vocabulary system of the color vocabulary system, which is a comparative analysis of the form, stylistic features and cognitive mechanism of the category of English and Chinese color terms in the combination of quantitative and qualitative research.
The comparative study of the category of color terms reveals the differences between the two languages in characterizing the category of color and the difference between the two modes of cultural thinking, and to a certain extent, it supports a new view of the SapirWhorf hypothesis by Levinson (1997; 2003), that is, the difference between the consistency of the atomic level and the molecular level of the human language. People's understanding of human's Cross category cognition deepens people's understanding of the relationship between linguistic category and nonverbal thinking.
Secondly, this study compares the similarities and differences between English and Chinese non basic color words from the three aspects of form, stylistic features and cognitive mechanisms. The results of comparison and analysis can provide reference for teaching Chinese as a foreign language, English teaching, English-Chinese translation and lexicography.

【學(xué)位授予單位】：東北師范大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2013
【分類號】：H136;H313

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