本文關鍵詞： 既然 因為 因果復句　出處：《吉林大學》2013年碩士論文　論文類型：學位論文

【摘要】：推論性因果復句一直是漢語復句研究的重點之一，認為它是表示因果關系的一種重要復句形式，以“既然……就”為典型代表（以下簡稱“既然”句）。在北京大學現(xiàn)代漢語語料庫中隨機抽取1000例“既然”句，用“因為”對其進行替換分析，并根據(jù)替換結果進行分類研究，我們認為：“既然”復句并不必然表示因果關系，它只是強調(diào)某一客觀存在，并且這一客觀存在的事實是交際雙方都必須承認的，是不以說話人或者主體的意志為轉(zhuǎn)移的。在“既然”分句陳述客觀事實的條件下，根據(jù)后一分句的句類，分為后一分句是問句形式的和后一分句是陳述句形式的兩類。一般說來，后一分句是問句的，不可以用“因為”進行替換。以疑問句形式出現(xiàn)的還可以進一步分為一般性疑問句和反問句。一般性疑問句是作者對“既然”分句的繼續(xù)討論，偏句和正句之間并沒有明顯的因果關系，甚至是存在矛盾的，偏句表述某一客觀已知的事實，正句表述還存在另外矛盾的事實，就此提問，用疑問形式引起讀者對問題的思考�；蛘呤怯梅磫柧洌鄣乇磉_出說話人的意見和想法，該類偏句和正句的關系是最接近因果關系的，但不能就此說明它就是因果復句，該類句子從因到果更加具有理所當然的語氣，所以，用“因為”不合適。以陳述句的形式出現(xiàn)。后一分句是陳述句的，所占比重最大。后一分句往往有表示情態(tài)特稱的詞語，如“想要，，一定，更，應該”等。還有一類是在“既然”句陳述事實，可以用“因為”做替換，他們在語法和語義上都可以接受，只是在情感上存在差別：使用“既然”我們可以明顯地看出它含有順理成章，顯而易見之義。同時也能體會到無奈，吃驚，意外等情感態(tài)度，但是，如果使用“因為”則體現(xiàn)不出來。這是唯一可以替換“既然”的類。另外，“既然如此”也引起我們的注意，如果“既然如此”在前后分句的信息中是相關聯(lián)的，“既然如此”就等同于“因此”。根據(jù)格萊斯的會話原則，我們知道肯定有言外之意。 從語用上來說，“既然”句可以明確地讀出作者的觀點和態(tài)度，或表示憤怒，不滿的語氣，或表示消極語氣，還可以表示積極語氣。它們大多用“既然”強調(diào)了前一個分句所述事實的客觀存在（不以說話人的主觀意志為轉(zhuǎn)移的），后一個分句表述在這個事實存在的條件下，存在著明顯的矛盾的客觀事實，從而表達了說話人的不滿情緒。只要是在某一客觀事實的前提下，必須承擔義務或責任，就具有主觀性，如果這種責任和義務是難以實現(xiàn)或完成的，這具有消極意味。 第一章，主要分析概括了因果復句的研究成果。 第二章，從語義的角度出發(fā)，根據(jù)后一分句的句類，首先將“既然”句分為疑問句—“既然”句和陳述句—“既然”句。本章主要對后一分句是疑問句的“既然”句進行討論分析。 第三章，該章主要對后一分句是陳述句的“既然”句進行替換歸類，發(fā)現(xiàn)其替換條件。 第四章，從語用的角度出發(fā)，根據(jù)“既然”句所表達的語氣分為“消極語氣”和“積極語氣”兩類。 本文主要是根據(jù)北京大學現(xiàn)代漢語語料庫的語料，用“因為”對“既然”句進行替換分析，希望發(fā)現(xiàn)“既然”和“因為”所表示的因果復句的差別�；趯h語本體充分研究的基礎上，為對外漢語教學提供參考。
[Abstract]:Inference of causal sentence has been one of the key research on Chinese sentence, said that it is an important form of complex causality, "since it is a typical representative." (hereinafter referred to as the "if" sentence in modern Chinese corpus of Peking University). Randomly selected 1000 cases of "if" clause, with "because" replacement of the analysis, classification and research, according to the replace results we believe that: "since" sentence does not necessarily mean that the causal relationship, it is just that one exists objectively, and this fact is the communication that both sides must admit, is not to transfer the speaker or the will of the subject. "Since" clausesstated objective facts under the condition, according to a clause of the sentence after the class, after a clause is divided into the form of a question and after a clause is two kinds of statement form. Generally speaking, after a sentence is asked Sentence, can not replace with "because". In the form of questions can be further divided into general questionsand rhetorical. General interrogative sentence is the author of "if" clause to continue the discussion, and no obvious causal relationship between sentences and sentences are partial, even contradictory, partial sentences express a certain objective known fact, zhenggouexpression is also contradictory facts, on this question, the reader to thinking about the problems with the question. Or use the form of rhetorical questions, indirectly reflect the speaker's opinions and ideas, the partial words and zhenggourelationship is the most close to the causal relationship but, it is not the kind of causal sentence, sentence from cause to effect more rational of the tone, so because I don't fit. Take the form of a sentence. After a clause is a statement of the accounts for the largest one. Modal clauses often have said the words, such as "want some more, should," and so on. There is a sentence in the "if" statement of fact, can be replaced with "because" to do, they are acceptable in syntax and semantics, but there is a difference in emotional: "since" we use you can clearly see that it contains a logical meaning. Obviously, also can feel helpless, surprise, surprise and emotion attitude, but if you use "because" is reflected out. This is the only way to replace "since" class. In addition, "so" also caused our attention, if "so before and after the clause information associated with it," so "is equivalent to" therefore ". According to Grice's cooperative principle, we understand there is implication.
From the pragmatics, "since" words can read the author's views and attitudes clearly, or anger, dissatisfaction with the tone, or negative mood, but also expressed a positive tone. Most of them with "since" emphasizes the objective existence of the preceding clause the facts (not to transfer the speaker the subjective will, after a clause) stated in the fact that under the condition of the existence of objective facts exist obvious contradictions, which expresses the speaker's dissatisfaction. As long as it is in the premise of a certain objective facts, must bear the obligation or responsibility, subjectivity, responsibility and obligation if this is difficult to achieve or complete, which has a negative meaning.
In the first chapter, the research results of the causal complex sentence are mainly analyzed and summarized.
In the second chapter, from the perspective of semantics, according to the sentence category of the last clause, we first divide the "ru" sentence into the interrogative sentence, the "ru" sentence and the declarative sentence "ru" sentence.
In the third chapter, the chapter mainly deals with the replacement and classification of the "since" sentence of the declarative sentence, and finds its replacement conditions.
The fourth chapter, from the perspective of pragmatics, divides the mood expressed in the "since" sentence into two types: negative mood and positive mood.
This paper is mainly based on the modern Chinese corpus of Peking University corpus, with "because" to "since" words to replace the analysis, hope to find "since" and "because" the causal difference. Based on the full study of Chinese ontology, to provide reference for teaching Chinese as a foreign language.

【學位授予單位】：吉林大學
【學位級別】：碩士
【學位授予年份】：2013
【分類號】：H146.3

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