本文關(guān)鍵詞： 既然 因?yàn)?因果復(fù)句　出處：《吉林大學(xué)》2013年碩士論文　論文類型：學(xué)位論文

【摘要】：推論性因果復(fù)句一直是漢語(yǔ)復(fù)句研究的重點(diǎn)之一，認(rèn)為它是表示因果關(guān)系的一種重要復(fù)句形式，以“既然……就”為典型代表（以下簡(jiǎn)稱“既然”句）。在北京大學(xué)現(xiàn)代漢語(yǔ)語(yǔ)料庫(kù)中隨機(jī)抽取1000例“既然”句，用“因?yàn)椤睂?duì)其進(jìn)行替換分析，并根據(jù)替換結(jié)果進(jìn)行分類研究，我們認(rèn)為：“既然”復(fù)句并不必然表示因果關(guān)系，它只是強(qiáng)調(diào)某一客觀存在，并且這一客觀存在的事實(shí)是交際雙方都必須承認(rèn)的，是不以說話人或者主體的意志為轉(zhuǎn)移的。在“既然”分句陳述客觀事實(shí)的條件下，根據(jù)后一分句的句類，分為后一分句是問句形式的和后一分句是陳述句形式的兩類。一般說來，后一分句是問句的，不可以用“因?yàn)椤边M(jìn)行替換。以疑問句形式出現(xiàn)的還可以進(jìn)一步分為一般性疑問句和反問句。一般性疑問句是作者對(duì)“既然”分句的繼續(xù)討論，偏句和正句之間并沒有明顯的因果關(guān)系，甚至是存在矛盾的，偏句表述某一客觀已知的事實(shí)，正句表述還存在另外矛盾的事實(shí)，就此提問，用疑問形式引起讀者對(duì)問題的思考�；蛘呤怯梅磫柧洌鄣乇磉_(dá)出說話人的意見和想法，該類偏句和正句的關(guān)系是最接近因果關(guān)系的，但不能就此說明它就是因果復(fù)句，該類句子從因到果更加具有理所當(dāng)然的語(yǔ)氣，所以，用“因?yàn)椤辈缓线m。以陳述句的形式出現(xiàn)。后一分句是陳述句的，所占比重最大。后一分句往往有表示情態(tài)特稱的詞語(yǔ)，如“想要，，一定，更，應(yīng)該”等。還有一類是在“既然”句陳述事實(shí)，可以用“因?yàn)椤弊鎏鎿Q，他們?cè)谡Z(yǔ)法和語(yǔ)義上都可以接受，只是在情感上存在差別：使用“既然”我們可以明顯地看出它含有順理成章，顯而易見之義。同時(shí)也能體會(huì)到無奈，吃驚，意外等情感態(tài)度，但是，如果使用“因?yàn)椤眲t體現(xiàn)不出來。這是唯一可以替換“既然”的類。另外，“既然如此”也引起我們的注意，如果“既然如此”在前后分句的信息中是相關(guān)聯(lián)的，“既然如此”就等同于“因此”。根據(jù)格萊斯的會(huì)話原則，我們知道肯定有言外之意。 從語(yǔ)用上來說，“既然”句可以明確地讀出作者的觀點(diǎn)和態(tài)度，或表示憤怒，不滿的語(yǔ)氣，或表示消極語(yǔ)氣，還可以表示積極語(yǔ)氣。它們大多用“既然”強(qiáng)調(diào)了前一個(gè)分句所述事實(shí)的客觀存在（不以說話人的主觀意志為轉(zhuǎn)移的），后一個(gè)分句表述在這個(gè)事實(shí)存在的條件下，存在著明顯的矛盾的客觀事實(shí)，從而表達(dá)了說話人的不滿情緒。只要是在某一客觀事實(shí)的前提下，必須承擔(dān)義務(wù)或責(zé)任，就具有主觀性，如果這種責(zé)任和義務(wù)是難以實(shí)現(xiàn)或完成的，這具有消極意味。 第一章，主要分析概括了因果復(fù)句的研究成果。 第二章，從語(yǔ)義的角度出發(fā)，根據(jù)后一分句的句類，首先將“既然”句分為疑問句—“既然”句和陳述句—“既然”句。本章主要對(duì)后一分句是疑問句的“既然”句進(jìn)行討論分析。 第三章，該章主要對(duì)后一分句是陳述句的“既然”句進(jìn)行替換歸類，發(fā)現(xiàn)其替換條件。 第四章，從語(yǔ)用的角度出發(fā)，根據(jù)“既然”句所表達(dá)的語(yǔ)氣分為“消極語(yǔ)氣”和“積極語(yǔ)氣”兩類。 本文主要是根據(jù)北京大學(xué)現(xiàn)代漢語(yǔ)語(yǔ)料庫(kù)的語(yǔ)料，用“因?yàn)椤睂?duì)“既然”句進(jìn)行替換分析，希望發(fā)現(xiàn)“既然”和“因?yàn)椤彼硎镜囊蚬麖?fù)句的差別�；趯�(duì)漢語(yǔ)本體充分研究的基礎(chǔ)上，為對(duì)外漢語(yǔ)教學(xué)提供參考。
[Abstract]:Inference of causal sentence has been one of the key research on Chinese sentence, said that it is an important form of complex causality, "since it is a typical representative." (hereinafter referred to as the "if" sentence in modern Chinese corpus of Peking University). Randomly selected 1000 cases of "if" clause, with "because" replacement of the analysis, classification and research, according to the replace results we believe that: "since" sentence does not necessarily mean that the causal relationship, it is just that one exists objectively, and this fact is the communication that both sides must admit, is not to transfer the speaker or the will of the subject. "Since" clausesstated objective facts under the condition, according to a clause of the sentence after the class, after a clause is divided into the form of a question and after a clause is two kinds of statement form. Generally speaking, after a sentence is asked Sentence, can not replace with "because". In the form of questions can be further divided into general questionsand rhetorical. General interrogative sentence is the author of "if" clause to continue the discussion, and no obvious causal relationship between sentences and sentences are partial, even contradictory, partial sentences express a certain objective known fact, zhenggouexpression is also contradictory facts, on this question, the reader to thinking about the problems with the question. Or use the form of rhetorical questions, indirectly reflect the speaker's opinions and ideas, the partial words and zhenggourelationship is the most close to the causal relationship but, it is not the kind of causal sentence, sentence from cause to effect more rational of the tone, so because I don't fit. Take the form of a sentence. After a clause is a statement of the accounts for the largest one. Modal clauses often have said the words, such as "want some more, should," and so on. There is a sentence in the "if" statement of fact, can be replaced with "because" to do, they are acceptable in syntax and semantics, but there is a difference in emotional: "since" we use you can clearly see that it contains a logical meaning. Obviously, also can feel helpless, surprise, surprise and emotion attitude, but if you use "because" is reflected out. This is the only way to replace "since" class. In addition, "so" also caused our attention, if "so before and after the clause information associated with it," so "is equivalent to" therefore ". According to Grice's cooperative principle, we understand there is implication.
From the pragmatics, "since" words can read the author's views and attitudes clearly, or anger, dissatisfaction with the tone, or negative mood, but also expressed a positive tone. Most of them with "since" emphasizes the objective existence of the preceding clause the facts (not to transfer the speaker the subjective will, after a clause) stated in the fact that under the condition of the existence of objective facts exist obvious contradictions, which expresses the speaker's dissatisfaction. As long as it is in the premise of a certain objective facts, must bear the obligation or responsibility, subjectivity, responsibility and obligation if this is difficult to achieve or complete, which has a negative meaning.
In the first chapter, the research results of the causal complex sentence are mainly analyzed and summarized.
In the second chapter, from the perspective of semantics, according to the sentence category of the last clause, we first divide the "ru" sentence into the interrogative sentence, the "ru" sentence and the declarative sentence "ru" sentence.
In the third chapter, the chapter mainly deals with the replacement and classification of the "since" sentence of the declarative sentence, and finds its replacement conditions.
The fourth chapter, from the perspective of pragmatics, divides the mood expressed in the "since" sentence into two types: negative mood and positive mood.
This paper is mainly based on the modern Chinese corpus of Peking University corpus, with "because" to "since" words to replace the analysis, hope to find "since" and "because" the causal difference. Based on the full study of Chinese ontology, to provide reference for teaching Chinese as a foreign language.

【學(xué)位授予單位】：吉林大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2013
【分類號(hào)】：H146.3

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