【摘要】：長(zhǎng)期以來,由于漢語中僅存在數(shù)量很少的典型詞綴,因此語言學(xué)家一直認(rèn)為漢語是孤立語的典型代表。正是由于這個(gè)原因,漢語典型詞綴及其相關(guān)內(nèi)容的研究辦沒有得到足夠重視,大部分語言學(xué)家只是把其看作構(gòu)詞法體系中的附庸。但是隨著社會(huì)的迅速發(fā)展以及對(duì)外交流的日益頻繁,現(xiàn)代漢語中不斷涌現(xiàn)出大量的新詞新語,在這些新詞新語中出現(xiàn)了許多類詞綴或類似類詞綴的成分。那么,這些成分中哪些是真正意義上的類詞綴?我們應(yīng)該如何正確界定它們?類詞綴的大量涌現(xiàn)是不是現(xiàn)代漢語正在由孤立語向粘著語轉(zhuǎn)化的有力佐證?這些問題都需要我們認(rèn)真深入研究。 本文首先在已有研究成果的基礎(chǔ)上進(jìn)一步探討了類詞綴的性質(zhì)特點(diǎn)。我們認(rèn)為,站在廣義形態(tài)觀的角度來看,類詞綴作為語法形式與語法意義的統(tǒng)一體,是現(xiàn)代漢語的形態(tài)標(biāo)記,屬于構(gòu)詞形態(tài)。從概念體系方面來看,類詞綴和典型詞綴是詞綴的兩個(gè)并列的下位概念；從構(gòu)詞法的角度來看,類詞綴是粘附于詞根之上的派生語素；從歷時(shí)發(fā)展的角度來看,類詞綴是漢語實(shí)詞素向典型詞綴語法化的過渡階段。 其次,本文對(duì)現(xiàn)代漢語中的類詞綴和類似類詞綴的成分進(jìn)行了統(tǒng)計(jì)分析,試圖為其提供一個(gè)相對(duì)明確的鑒定標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。本文認(rèn)為意義相對(duì)虛化是決定性的標(biāo)準(zhǔn),定位性和非獨(dú)立成詞性是必要標(biāo)準(zhǔn),能產(chǎn)性和標(biāo)注詞性是重要標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。當(dāng)然,在實(shí)際操作過程中,這五項(xiàng)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)要綜合考慮,不可偏廢。另外,本文還認(rèn)為原型范疇化理論對(duì)現(xiàn)代漢語類詞綴的界定有很好的指導(dǎo)作用。 最后,本文從兩個(gè)方面探討了類詞綴的語法化特征。類詞綴的語法化主要包括兩個(gè)方面：一個(gè)是有詞綴化傾向的詞素自身虛化而成為詞綴的過程,即實(shí)詞虛化；另一個(gè)是短語和跨層鄰接結(jié)構(gòu)詞匯化造成詞綴的過程,即詞匯化。在分析過程中,我們發(fā)現(xiàn)第一個(gè)過程主要發(fā)生在外源類詞綴和大部分自源類詞綴中,而第二個(gè)過程是現(xiàn)代漢語自源類詞綴所獨(dú)有的,外源類詞綴不出現(xiàn)這種現(xiàn)象。另外,本文認(rèn)為,高頻使用是產(chǎn)生類詞綴語法化的必要條件。
[Abstract]:For a long time, because there are only a small number of typical affixes in Chinese, linguists have always regarded Chinese as a typical representative of isolated languages. It is for this reason that the research office of Chinese typical affixes and their related contents has not been paid enough attention, and most linguists only regard it as a vassal in the word-formation system. However, with the rapid development of society and the increasing frequency of foreign exchanges, a large number of new words and new words have emerged in modern Chinese, and there are many kinds of affixes or similar affixes in these new words and new words. So, which of these components are real affixes? How should we define them correctly? Is the emergence of affixes in large numbers a powerful evidence of the transformation of modern Chinese from isolated language to adhesive language? These problems require our careful and in-depth study. Firstly, on the basis of the existing research results, this paper further discusses the nature and characteristics of affixes. From the point of view of broad form, we think that affixes, as the unity of grammatical form and grammatical meaning, are the morphological markers of modern Chinese and belong to word formation. From the point of view of conceptual system, class affixes and typical affixes are two parallel lower concepts of affixes, and from the point of view of word formation, class affixes are derived morphemes that adhere to the root of words. From the perspective of diachronic development, affixes are the transitional stage from Chinese real morphemes to typical affixes grammaticalization. Secondly, this paper makes a statistical analysis of the components of affixes and similar affixes in modern Chinese, and tries to provide a relatively clear identification standard for them. In this paper, it is considered that the relative falsification of meaning is the decisive standard, the localization and non-independent part of speech are the necessary criteria, and the productivity and tagging part of speech are important standards. Of course, in the actual operation process, these five standards should be considered comprehensively and should not be abandoned. In addition, this paper also believes that the prototype categorization theory has a good guiding role in the definition of modern Chinese affixes. Finally, this paper discusses the grammaticalization characteristics of affixes from two aspects. The grammaticalization of affixes mainly includes two aspects: one is the process in which the morphemes with affixation tendency become affixes, that is, the virtual affixes of real words; the other is the process of affixes caused by the lexicalization of phrases and cross-layer adjacent structures, that is, lexicalization. In the process of analysis, we find that the first process mainly occurs in foreign affixes and most self-source affixes, while the second process is unique to modern Chinese self-source affixes, and foreign affixes do not appear this phenomenon. In addition, this paper holds that high frequency use is a necessary condition for the grammaticalization of affixes.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：鄭州大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2012
【分類號(hào)】：H146

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