【摘要】：在生成語(yǔ)法理論體系框架下,本文對(duì)英漢主語(yǔ)進(jìn)行平行比較(丁金國(guó)：1996)后找出這兩種語(yǔ)言的共性因子X(jué)并分析其在英漢主語(yǔ)中的體現(xiàn)形式和運(yùn)作方式。 從英語(yǔ)主語(yǔ)的定義來(lái)看,它可分為句法主語(yǔ)和邏輯主語(yǔ)：句法主語(yǔ)一般位于IP的標(biāo)志語(yǔ)位置;邏輯主語(yǔ)則指的是V-bar的外論元。在傳統(tǒng)句法學(xué)中,充當(dāng)域外論元的主語(yǔ)以及虛主語(yǔ)都是基生于IP的標(biāo)志語(yǔ)位置；充當(dāng)域內(nèi)論元的主語(yǔ)則是通過(guò)移位派生的。然而在1991年主語(yǔ)位于動(dòng)詞詞組內(nèi)假設(shè)(KoopmanSportiche:1991)提出后,域內(nèi)論元與域外論元被整合到同一局部域(VP)內(nèi),且所有主語(yǔ)都被認(rèn)為是派生的。這一假設(shè)進(jìn)一步體現(xiàn)了題元管轄的一致性以及局部條件(locality condition)(指的是句法原則與規(guī)則的作用范圍)的作用。 本文認(rèn)為漢語(yǔ)主語(yǔ)的原生位置也在VP內(nèi),且漢語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞缺乏形態(tài)特征,因此本文在按照胡建華(1997)提出的漢語(yǔ)不定式的判斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)討論了漢語(yǔ)主語(yǔ)授格問(wèn)題以及其與動(dòng)詞的結(jié)構(gòu)關(guān)系后發(fā)現(xiàn)：漢語(yǔ)定式句中動(dòng)詞的外論元便是其邏輯主語(yǔ),后為滿足格理論和擴(kuò)充投射原則經(jīng)提升變成句子的主語(yǔ)。至于多名詞短語(yǔ)句的主語(yǔ)則根據(jù)其基生位置以及充當(dāng)動(dòng)詞的外論元來(lái)確認(rèn),而處于句首位置的其余名詞短語(yǔ)被提到句首位置本文認(rèn)為是話題化的結(jié)果。 漢語(yǔ)不定式句的主語(yǔ)處于無(wú)格位置,等同于英語(yǔ)的PRO,具有不被管轄的性質(zhì),或與主句主語(yǔ)共指,或與主句賓語(yǔ)共指；它還可出現(xiàn)在不定式句的補(bǔ)語(yǔ)和附加語(yǔ)位置上。 最后關(guān)于漢語(yǔ)中無(wú)主語(yǔ)的句子：首先因漢語(yǔ)沒(méi)有表示一致關(guān)系的形態(tài)系統(tǒng),pro指稱(chēng)無(wú)法“復(fù)原”(recovered)從而不能獲得“許可”(licensed)(韓景泉：1997)。其次基于喬姆斯基的空語(yǔ)類(lèi)指稱(chēng)句內(nèi)可識(shí)別性(Intrasentential Referential Identity) pro在句子中找不到自己的先行項(xiàng)；因此本文認(rèn)為漢語(yǔ)不是pro-drop語(yǔ)言。 通過(guò)以上的比較分析,英漢主語(yǔ)的共性因子X(jué)為：基生位置都位于VP內(nèi)且都充當(dāng)V-bar的外論元。然而英語(yǔ)主語(yǔ)具有顯性格特征,通過(guò)提升操作被核查之后才能合法出現(xiàn)且每個(gè)句子必須有主語(yǔ)；漢語(yǔ)主語(yǔ)的生成情況則相對(duì)復(fù)雜,句中其它名詞短語(yǔ)可通過(guò)主題化的操作手段出現(xiàn)在句首位置,也可根據(jù)語(yǔ)境省略主語(yǔ)。 采用生成語(yǔ)法理論對(duì)漢語(yǔ)主語(yǔ)進(jìn)行研究的可行性驗(yàn)證了語(yǔ)言的共性；而且對(duì)漢語(yǔ)主語(yǔ)的直接研究關(guān)系到句子結(jié)構(gòu)劃分的一系列問(wèn)題以及主語(yǔ)與話題的區(qū)分便于解決漢語(yǔ)主語(yǔ)的確認(rèn)問(wèn)題。這更說(shuō)明了形式主義的分析方法能深入的反映語(yǔ)言的內(nèi)在結(jié)構(gòu)和本質(zhì)特征。
[Abstract]:Under the framework of generative grammar theory, this paper makes a parallel comparison between English and Chinese subjects (Ding Jinguo: 1996) and finds out the common factor X of the two languages, and analyzes its embodiment and operation mode in English and Chinese subjects. From the definition of English subject, it can be divided into syntactic subject and logical subject: the syntactic subject is generally located in the marker position of IP, and the logical subject refers to the external argument of V-bar. In traditional syntactic theory, the subject acting as the extraterritorial argument and the virtual subject are all the markers based on IP, while the subject acting as the argument in the domain is derived by shifting. However, after the proposition of KoopmanSportiche:1991 in 1991, the intra-domain argument and the extra-territorial argument were integrated into the same local domain (VP), and all the subjects were considered to be derived. This hypothesis further reflects the consistency of the topic meta-jurisdiction and the role of the local condition (locality condition) (refers to the scope of the syntactic principles and rules. This paper holds that the original position of the Chinese subject is also within the VP, and the Chinese verbs lack morphological features. Therefore, according to Hu Jianhua (1997)'s judgment standard of Chinese infinitive, this paper discusses the subject giving case of Chinese and its relation with the structure of verb. It is found that the external argument of verb in Chinese fixed sentence is its logical subject. The latter is to satisfy the case theory and extend the projective principle to become the subject of the sentence. As for the subject of the multi-noun short sentence, it is confirmed by its basic position and the external argument acting as the verb, while the other noun phrases at the beginning of the sentence are referred to as the result of topicalization. The subject of the Chinese infinitive sentence is in a non-case position, which is equivalent to the PRO, of English which has the nature of not being subject, or co-referring with the subject, or with the object of the subject, and it can also appear in the position of complement and adjunct of the infinitive sentence. Finally, about the sentence without subject in Chinese: first of all, because there is no morphological system of consistent relation in Chinese, pro refers that (recovered) can not be "restored" and can not obtain "permission" (licensed) (Hanjingquan: 1997). Secondly, the identifiable (Intrasentential Referential Identity) pro based on Chomsky's empty category reference sentence can not find its own antecedents in the sentence. Therefore, this paper argues that Chinese is not a pro-drop language. Through the above comparative analysis, the common factor X of English and Chinese subjects is as follows: the basic positions are located in the VP and both serve as the external arguments of V-bar. However, the English subject has the characteristic of explicit character, it can appear legally only after the promotion operation is checked, and every sentence must have the subject; The formation of Chinese subject is relatively complex, other noun phrases in sentence can appear at the beginning of the sentence by theming operation means, or the subject can be omitted according to the context. The feasibility of using generative grammar to study Chinese subject verifies the commonness of language. Moreover, the direct research on Chinese subject is related to a series of problems of sentence structure division and the distinction between subject and topic, which is convenient to solve the problem of confirmation of Chinese subject. This shows that formalism analysis method can reflect the internal structure and essential characteristics of language in depth.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：中南大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2012
【分類(lèi)號(hào)】：H314;H146

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