【摘要】：話題現(xiàn)象是語言學研究的熱點，功能派、形式派都從各自的立場對話題概念進行界定。從功能上說，話題具有已知性，是話語的出發(fā)點，是句子內容相關之所在。從結構上說，話題可以被定義為句首的成分，語序也是話題化的手段之一。 對漢語話題而言，趙元任（1968）認為漢語的主語和話題是等同的，而Li和Thompson（1976）在“主語-話題”的類型學里把漢語歸為話題優(yōu)先型語言，英語歸為主語優(yōu)先型語言，使人們將話題和主語區(qū)別對待。徐烈炯、劉丹青贊同他們關于漢語話題優(yōu)先型的觀點，并用上海方言為研究對象，以喬姆斯基的一般化轉換說為理論框架，把漢語話題定義為一個語法化的句法成分，并把話題從結構位置上分為主話題、次話題和次次話題，開創(chuàng)了用當代語言類型學的成果來研究漢語方言的句法類型的先河，也做出了把漢語話題作為一種句法成分而建立一種新的漢語語法體系的大膽嘗試。但徐烈炯、劉丹青在理論上設立主話題、次話題、次次話題的做法也導致了句法歧義的產生，袁毓林（2003）就指出這種句法歧義的產生究竟是句子本身的結構造成還是理論上的設置所致，并且懷疑主話題、次話題和次次話題劃分的必要性。徐、劉二位學者與袁毓林的分歧在于從理論上把話題作為句法結構上的概念處理還是作為功能層面的概念處理。石毓智（2001）也認為漢語中的主語和話題不能劃等號，句法上的主語可以成為話題的一種表現(xiàn)形式，話題可以分為無標記話題和標記性話題兩種形式。 針對漢語話題界定的這種糾葛，本文在分析徐烈炯、劉丹青對漢語話題句法定義的基礎上，從功能層面對話題進行界定，并根據(jù)不同成分具備話題功能時的不同結構特點把話題分為標記性話題和無標記話題。本文以重慶話口語為研究對象，通過隨機錄音建立了約50669字的重慶話口語語料庫，對重慶話口語中可以用作話題標記的后附性虛詞“耶”、“U;”、“嘜”、“噯”進行分析，以說話人性別和年齡為變量，探究性別和年齡是否導致這些后附性虛詞在使用功能上的差異，是否導致它們用作話題標記時的使用差異以及是否導致它們用作語氣詞時的使用差異。本文還分析了重慶話口語中話題的主要功能和句子中多個話題并存時的相互關系，對于漢語話題的語法化，本文也通過分析漢語里，，尤其是重慶話口語里不同成分具備話題功能的不同結構，認為漢語話題語法化程度高于英語話題語法化程度并非由于漢語話題已經語法化為一個句法成分，而是因為漢語話題語法化的形式更加豐富，無論是具備話題功能成分的多樣性和廣泛性，還是話題標記手段的多樣性，都說明漢語話題較高的語法化程度。對于漢語里特有的“把”字句結構，本文也分析了它的話題性，認為從功能層面講，“把”字結構的話題功能是顯而易見的。最后，本文還分析了話題的指稱性，無論是名詞性結構作話題，還是動詞性結構或小句作話題，都有一定的指稱特點。 本文結合功能和句法的理論知識，以重慶話口語為研究對象，對漢語話題從功能上進行界定，并探究漢語及其方言里實現(xiàn)話題功能的各種句法手段，同時以社會語言學和統(tǒng)計學的方法分析重慶話口語里特有話題標記詞的真實使用情況，希望對漢語話題和重慶方言的研究提供新的借鑒和參考。
[Abstract]:Topic phenomenon is a hot topic in linguistics. Both functional and formal schools define the concept of topic from their own standpoints. Functionally speaking, topic is known, the starting point of discourse and the content of a sentence is related. Structurally speaking, topic can be defined as the component of the beginning of a sentence, and word order is also one of the means of topicalization.
Zhao Yuanren (1968) thinks the subject and topic are the same in Chinese, while Li and Thompson (1976) classify Chinese as topic-priority language and English as subject-priority language in the typology of subject-topic, which makes people differentiate between topic and subject. Taking the Shanghai dialect as the research object and Chomsky's theory of generalized transformation as the theoretical framework, this paper defines the Chinese topic as a grammaticalized syntactic component, and divides the topic into the main topic, the sub-topic and the sub-topic from the structural position, thus creating the achievements of contemporary linguistic typology to study Chinese dialects. However, Xu Lijiong and Liu Danqing set up the main topic, the sub-topic and the sub-topic in theory, which also led to the emergence of syntactic ambiguity. Yuan Yulin (2003) pointed out that this kind of syntactic ambiguity came into being. The difference between Xu, Liu and Yuan Yulin lies in whether the topic is treated as a syntactic concept or as a functional concept. Shi Yuzhi (2001) also thinks that the Han Dynasty is a Chinese language. Subject and topic can not be equally labeled, and the syntactic subject can be a form of expression of the topic, which can be divided into two forms: unmarked topic and marked topic.
In view of this entanglement in the definition of Chinese topic, this paper, on the basis of analyzing Xu Liejiong and Liu Danqing's definition of Chinese topic syntax, defines the topic from the functional level, and divides the topic into marked topic and unmarked topic according to the different structural characteristics of different components with topic function. Xiangxiang, an oral corpus of about 50669 words in Chongqing dialect is set up by random recording. The function of these auxiliary functional words, which can be used as topic markers in spoken Chongqing dialect, is analyzed. The gender and age of the speaker are taken as variables to explore whether gender and age lead to the functional differences of these auxiliary functional words. This paper also analyzes the main functions of topics in spoken Chongqing dialect and the relationship between multiple topics in sentences. As for the grammaticalization of Chinese topics, this paper also analyzes the grammaticalization of Chinese topics, especially Chongqing. It is believed that the grammaticalization degree of Chinese topic is higher than that of English topic not because the Chinese topic has been grammaticalized into a syntactic component, but because the forms of Chinese topic grammaticalization are more abundant, regardless of the diversity and extensiveness of topic functional components. The variety of topic markers indicates the high degree of grammaticalization of Chinese topics. This paper also analyzes the topic nature of the unique "ba" sentence structure in Chinese and holds that the topic function of the "ba" structure is obvious from the functional level. Whether the sexual structure is a topic or a verbal structure or a minor clause is a topic of reference.
Based on the theoretical knowledge of function and syntax, this paper takes the spoken Chongqing dialect as the research object, defines the Chinese topic from the functional point of view, and explores the various syntactic means to realize the topic function in Chinese and its dialects. At the same time, it analyzes the real use of the special topic markers in spoken Chongqing dialect by means of sociolinguistics and statistics. I hope to provide new reference and reference for the study of Chinese topic and Chongqing dialect.
【學位授予單位】：上海外國語大學
【學位級別】：博士
【學位授予年份】：2012
【分類號】：H172.3

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