發(fā)布時(shí)間：2018-09-03 07:14

【摘要】：元朝是古代農(nóng)學(xué)史上一個(gè)非常重要的時(shí)期，由于社會(huì)、政治的變動(dòng)，統(tǒng)治者的勸農(nóng)政策，以及文人自身的原因等，元朝出現(xiàn)了大量的農(nóng)學(xué)著作，是農(nóng)書(shū)發(fā)展歷程中的一個(gè)高峰期，但大多數(shù)農(nóng)書(shū)都失傳了。保存至今比較完備的有三大農(nóng)書(shū)，即《農(nóng)桑輯要》、《王禎農(nóng)書(shū)》和《農(nóng)桑衣食撮要》，這三部農(nóng)書(shū)都遵循了《齊民要術(shù)》大農(nóng)業(yè)的結(jié)構(gòu)框架，內(nèi)容非常豐富。同時(shí)它們又成為明清時(shí)期農(nóng)書(shū)寫(xiě)作的依據(jù)，在農(nóng)書(shū)發(fā)展史上具有承前啟后的作用。元代三大農(nóng)書(shū)采用通俗易懂的語(yǔ)言寫(xiě)成，反映了元及元以前的農(nóng)業(yè)發(fā)展和社會(huì)狀況，是語(yǔ)言研究的重要語(yǔ)料。本文即以元代三大農(nóng)書(shū)為語(yǔ)料，力圖通過(guò)對(duì)其中農(nóng)業(yè)詞匯的研究，在共時(shí)描寫(xiě)的基礎(chǔ)上，追溯其歷時(shí)發(fā)展演變，勾勒出漢語(yǔ)農(nóng)業(yè)詞匯系統(tǒng)的基本面貌。在研究過(guò)程中，本文將立足于漢語(yǔ)詞匯學(xué)理論，同時(shí)吸納傳統(tǒng)小學(xué)的治學(xué)方法，對(duì)元代農(nóng)書(shū)中的農(nóng)業(yè)詞匯作全方位的系統(tǒng)描寫(xiě)。 論文共分六章： 第一章緒論。本章主要論述古代農(nóng)書(shū)文獻(xiàn)、研究概況以及本文的研究語(yǔ)料、版本和方法。古代農(nóng)書(shū)非常豐富，分類標(biāo)準(zhǔn)也不統(tǒng)一，不少的機(jī)構(gòu)或?qū)W者都對(duì)古農(nóng)書(shū)的數(shù)量進(jìn)行了調(diào)查，但都未能作出一個(gè)準(zhǔn)確的統(tǒng)計(jì)。我們按照歷史的發(fā)展，從上古到近代，對(duì)農(nóng)書(shū)的發(fā)展情況進(jìn)行了簡(jiǎn)單的介紹，總結(jié)出了古代農(nóng)書(shū)波浪式起伏發(fā)展的三個(gè)高峰期，元代三大農(nóng)書(shū)的出現(xiàn)即是其中的一個(gè)高峰期。對(duì)農(nóng)書(shū)的研究以往主要集中在對(duì)文獻(xiàn)的校注上，語(yǔ)言研究論著不多，且主要集中在對(duì)中古文獻(xiàn)《齊民要術(shù)》的研究上，近代農(nóng)書(shū)文獻(xiàn)的研究成果很少，系統(tǒng)研究更是沒(méi)有，因此本文以近代的三部農(nóng)書(shū)為語(yǔ)料進(jìn)行研究，能在一定程度彌補(bǔ)農(nóng)業(yè)文獻(xiàn)研究的不足。在語(yǔ)料的版本上，我們選擇了目前所能見(jiàn)到的較好的版本，同時(shí)參照其他文獻(xiàn)中的引用部分。在研究方法上，本文主要采用了定量與定性相結(jié)合、共時(shí)與歷時(shí)相結(jié)合、描寫(xiě)與解釋相結(jié)合的方法，同時(shí)從隱喻、文化等視角對(duì)元代農(nóng)書(shū)中的農(nóng)業(yè)詞匯進(jìn)行多角度的研究。 第二章元代農(nóng)書(shū)的語(yǔ)料特點(diǎn)和研究?jī)r(jià)值。本章從語(yǔ)料特點(diǎn)和研究?jī)r(jià)值入手，首先，從語(yǔ)料性質(zhì)上，元代農(nóng)書(shū)的語(yǔ)料具有專業(yè)性、俗語(yǔ)性、地域性和復(fù)雜性等特點(diǎn)。專業(yè)性主要體現(xiàn)在農(nóng)業(yè)專門(mén)用語(yǔ)上；俗語(yǔ)性除了表現(xiàn)在日常用語(yǔ)中，還表現(xiàn)在農(nóng)作物、農(nóng)具的俗名上以及農(nóng)業(yè)諺語(yǔ)中；地域性主要體現(xiàn)在方言詞中；復(fù)雜性主要體現(xiàn)在詞匯來(lái)源上。其次從研究?jī)r(jià)值上，我們主要從詞匯的研究?jī)r(jià)值來(lái)談，一是農(nóng)書(shū)詞匯體現(xiàn)了社會(huì)的發(fā)展，特別是農(nóng)業(yè)的發(fā)展，文中主要從詞匯反映耕作技術(shù)和嫁接技術(shù)兩個(gè)方面來(lái)介紹；二是農(nóng)書(shū)是近代漢語(yǔ)研究重要的補(bǔ)充語(yǔ)料，同時(shí)農(nóng)書(shū)中的口語(yǔ)詞、方言詞等可以豐富近代漢語(yǔ)詞匯的研究；三是農(nóng)書(shū)中的農(nóng)業(yè)詞匯對(duì)豐富�？圃~語(yǔ)的研究具有一定的意義，可以彌補(bǔ)農(nóng)業(yè)詞匯研究的某些不足；四是農(nóng)書(shū)中的詞匯在辭典編纂上也具有重要的語(yǔ)料學(xué)價(jià)值，具有補(bǔ)充詞目、補(bǔ)充義項(xiàng)、提前書(shū)證和補(bǔ)充書(shū)證的作用。 第三章元代農(nóng)書(shū)農(nóng)業(yè)詞匯概說(shuō)。本章在對(duì)農(nóng)業(yè)詞匯界定的基礎(chǔ)上，將農(nóng)業(yè)詞匯分為三個(gè)層次，并從農(nóng)業(yè)生物種類、農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)行為、農(nóng)業(yè)工具等幾個(gè)方面對(duì)元代農(nóng)書(shū)中的農(nóng)業(yè)詞匯進(jìn)行了系統(tǒng)的共時(shí)描寫(xiě)，然后按照歷時(shí)的觀點(diǎn)，將元代農(nóng)書(shū)中的農(nóng)業(yè)詞匯的形成和發(fā)展進(jìn)行了詳細(xì)的論述。從形成上看，來(lái)源于三個(gè)方面，一是吸收全民共同語(yǔ)，具體為全盤(pán)借用和改造借用；二是沿襲已有的農(nóng)業(yè)詞語(yǔ)，具體沿襲先秦兩漢、魏晉南北朝和隋唐宋三個(gè)時(shí)期的農(nóng)業(yè)詞語(yǔ)；三是產(chǎn)生于元代的新詞，具體從農(nóng)業(yè)詞匯的三個(gè)主要組成部分來(lái)談。從發(fā)展上來(lái)看，首先是農(nóng)業(yè)詞匯內(nèi)部的發(fā)展，或棄置不用，或繼續(xù)使用；其次是農(nóng)業(yè)詞語(yǔ)對(duì)全民共同語(yǔ)的滲透，或直接滲透，或引申滲透，或比喻滲透，或本源回歸。在對(duì)元代農(nóng)書(shū)中的農(nóng)業(yè)詞匯進(jìn)行共時(shí)描寫(xiě)和歷時(shí)分析的基礎(chǔ)上，對(duì)農(nóng)業(yè)詞匯中出現(xiàn)的同實(shí)異名和同名異實(shí)現(xiàn)象進(jìn)行了描寫(xiě)和解釋。重點(diǎn)分析了同實(shí)異名的語(yǔ)言內(nèi)外部原因，語(yǔ)言內(nèi)部原因主要從語(yǔ)音、詞匯和修辭三個(gè)因素來(lái)分析，語(yǔ)言外部原因主要從命名理?yè)?jù)的不同、語(yǔ)言在時(shí)空、雅俗上的差異和變化以及語(yǔ)言和社會(huì)環(huán)境的關(guān)系等方面來(lái)分析。 第四章元代農(nóng)書(shū)農(nóng)業(yè)詞匯的語(yǔ)義分析。本章主要從本義、引申義、詞源義、詞義類聚以及詞義的發(fā)展變化等方面對(duì)農(nóng)業(yè)詞匯的意義進(jìn)行系統(tǒng)的分析。一是在分析農(nóng)業(yè)詞語(yǔ)語(yǔ)素義之間關(guān)系的基礎(chǔ)上，進(jìn)一步分析農(nóng)業(yè)詞語(yǔ)語(yǔ)素義和詞義之間的關(guān)系，即兩個(gè)語(yǔ)素義組合、綜合或融合等構(gòu)成詞義。二是在分析農(nóng)業(yè)詞語(yǔ)本義的基礎(chǔ)上，對(duì)農(nóng)業(yè)詞語(yǔ)的引申義系統(tǒng)進(jìn)行簡(jiǎn)單的概說(shuō)，對(duì)農(nóng)業(yè)詞語(yǔ)引申義產(chǎn)生的途徑、方式等進(jìn)行了詳細(xì)的分析。產(chǎn)生途徑主要是相似引申、相關(guān)引申和同步引申，而產(chǎn)生的方式主要是連鎖式引申、輻射式引申和綜合式引申。三是對(duì)農(nóng)業(yè)詞語(yǔ)中的名物詞的詞源義進(jìn)行了分析，我們主要采用系聯(lián)同源詞的方法對(duì)其中單音節(jié)名物詞的詞源義進(jìn)行了探求，從參與構(gòu)詞語(yǔ)素各自意義的來(lái)源以及它們結(jié)合并凝固的原因兩個(gè)方面對(duì)其中雙音節(jié)名物詞的詞源義進(jìn)行了探求。四是對(duì)農(nóng)業(yè)詞匯中的幾種語(yǔ)義關(guān)系進(jìn)行了分析和解釋，即同義關(guān)系、上下義關(guān)系和對(duì)立關(guān)系。其中在同義關(guān)系中，主要對(duì)同義動(dòng)詞從構(gòu)組和語(yǔ)義上進(jìn)行了描寫(xiě)，并從詞義的發(fā)展、雙音化、異序詞、同源詞等幾個(gè)方面對(duì)同義詞的大量存在進(jìn)行了解釋。五是對(duì)農(nóng)業(yè)詞匯詞義發(fā)展演變的分析，主要分析了農(nóng)業(yè)詞語(yǔ)義位的增減，詞義范圍的變化，包括擴(kuò)大、縮小和轉(zhuǎn)移。并對(duì)詞義的演變發(fā)展從語(yǔ)言外部和內(nèi)部?jī)蓚�(gè)角度進(jìn)行了解釋。本章力求能對(duì)元代農(nóng)書(shū)中的農(nóng)業(yè)詞匯在語(yǔ)義上做一個(gè)系統(tǒng)的描寫(xiě)和解釋。 第五章元代農(nóng)書(shū)農(nóng)業(yè)詞匯語(yǔ)法分析。本章主要從活躍的構(gòu)詞語(yǔ)素、構(gòu)詞類型和方式、農(nóng)業(yè)詞語(yǔ)的量詞化和名動(dòng)詞類的轉(zhuǎn)變四個(gè)方面展開(kāi)。活躍的構(gòu)詞語(yǔ)素，主要包括“熟”、“田”、“種”、“接”等。農(nóng)業(yè)詞語(yǔ)的構(gòu)詞類型包括聯(lián)合、偏正、動(dòng)賓、補(bǔ)充和附加五種方式，其中聯(lián)合式和偏正式占絕大多數(shù)，文章對(duì)這兩種構(gòu)詞類型的具體構(gòu)成情況作了兩個(gè)方面的分析。農(nóng)業(yè)詞語(yǔ)的量詞化主要對(duì)由植物各部位名稱詞演變成量詞的進(jìn)程進(jìn)行了分析，這些詞包括“莖”、“根”、“株”、“枚”、“葉”、“條”、“科”、“樹(shù)”、“梢”、“枝”、“本”，對(duì)這些詞語(yǔ)我們從不同歷史階段的使用情況展開(kāi)分析，明確其量詞形成的時(shí)間，對(duì)量詞形成后進(jìn)一步虛化的進(jìn)程及其發(fā)展變化等都作了詳細(xì)的介紹。同時(shí)在這些詞語(yǔ)量詞化形成的語(yǔ)義與認(rèn)知基礎(chǔ)上，從隱喻、推理和泛化三個(gè)方面對(duì)它們的形成機(jī)制進(jìn)行了探討。名動(dòng)詞類的轉(zhuǎn)變中，我們主要對(duì)農(nóng)具詞語(yǔ)從名稱到功能的轉(zhuǎn)變作了描述，具體分析了名動(dòng)詞類轉(zhuǎn)變的語(yǔ)義和認(rèn)知基礎(chǔ)，并對(duì)名動(dòng)詞類轉(zhuǎn)變中的突顯性原則和鄰近性原則做了簡(jiǎn)單介紹。 第六章元代農(nóng)書(shū)農(nóng)業(yè)詞匯隱喻認(rèn)知分析。本章主要對(duì)農(nóng)業(yè)詞匯的隱喻系統(tǒng)和隱喻文化認(rèn)知進(jìn)行分析。相似性原則是隱喻的認(rèn)知原則，農(nóng)業(yè)詞匯的隱喻多以植株或植株各部位為喻體，，來(lái)比擬其他物體。同時(shí)農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)包含一定的過(guò)程，利用植物生長(zhǎng)過(guò)程和事物發(fā)展過(guò)程的相似性，來(lái)認(rèn)識(shí)事物發(fā)展的過(guò)程。具體我們從植物及植物的部位名稱“粟”、“桃”、“杏”、“柳”、“松”、“根”、“枝”、“花”、“苗”、“芽”等詞族的隱喻，以及從植物的生根、發(fā)芽、開(kāi)花、結(jié)果、成熟的過(guò)程和農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)中耕地、播種、施肥、澆水、收獲等過(guò)程中有關(guān)詞的隱喻來(lái)分析農(nóng)業(yè)詞匯的隱喻系統(tǒng)，實(shí)現(xiàn)隱喻系統(tǒng)中始源域和目標(biāo)域之間的映射，并驗(yàn)證這種映射的合理性。并在此基礎(chǔ)上，進(jìn)一步從文化的角度對(duì)漢語(yǔ)農(nóng)業(yè)詞匯的隱喻進(jìn)行分析，隱喻受民族文化因素的影響，隱喻中表現(xiàn)出了明顯的民族差異。 結(jié)語(yǔ)總結(jié)全文，對(duì)本文的主要觀點(diǎn)和不足之處進(jìn)行總結(jié)，以明確以后努力和完善的方向。
[Abstract]:Yuan Dynasty is a very important period in the history of ancient agronomy. Due to the changes of society and politics, the policy of advocating agriculture of the rulers and the reasons of the scholars themselves, a large number of Agronomy books appeared in Yuan Dynasty, which was a peak period in the development of agricultural books, but most of them were lost. The three agricultural books follow the structural framework of "Qimin Yaoshu". They also serve as the basis for agricultural writing in the Ming and Qing Dynasties and serve as a link between the past and the future in the history of agricultural writing. Agricultural development and social conditions before Yuan and Yuan Dynasty are important corpus for language research. This paper tries to trace the development and evolution of agricultural vocabulary and outline the basic features of Chinese agricultural vocabulary system through the study of agricultural vocabulary in the three agricultural books of Yuan Dynasty. Based on the theory of Chinese lexicology, and absorbing the methods of traditional primary school, this paper makes a comprehensive and systematic description of agricultural vocabulary in the agricultural books of Yuan Dynasty.
The thesis is divided into six chapters.
The first chapter is an introduction. This chapter mainly discusses the ancient agricultural books, the general situation of research and the corpus, editions and methods of this study. Ancient agricultural books are very rich, and the classification standards are not uniform. Many institutions or scholars have investigated the number of ancient agricultural books, but they have not made an accurate statistics. From ancient times to modern times, this paper briefly introduces the development of agricultural books, and sums up three peaks of the undulating development of ancient agricultural books, one of which is the appearance of the three great agricultural books in Yuan Dynasty. In the study of literature , there are few achievements in the study of modern agricultural literature, and no systematic research has been made. Therefore, this paper takes three modern agricultural books as the corpus to make up for the deficiency in the study of agricultural literature to a certain extent. In the research method, this paper mainly uses the combination of quantitative and qualitative, synchronic and diachronic, descriptive and explanatory methods. At the same time, from the perspective of metaphor, culture and other aspects, the agricultural vocabulary in the agricultural books of Yuan Dynasty is studied from various angles.
The second chapter is the corpus characteristics and research value of the agricultural books of the Yuan Dynasty.This chapter starts with the corpus characteristics and research value.First of all, from the corpus nature, the corpus of the agricultural books of the Yuan Dynasty has the characteristics of specialty, colloquialism, regionalism and complexity. Secondly, from the research value, we mainly talk about the research value of vocabulary. First, the vocabulary of agricultural books reflects the development of society, especially the development of agriculture. The second is that agricultural books are an important supplementary corpus for the study of modern Chinese. At the same time, the spoken words and dialectal words in agricultural books can enrich the study of modern Chinese vocabulary. The third is that agricultural vocabulary in agricultural books has certain significance for enriching the study of specialized words and can make up for the study of agricultural vocabulary. Fourthly, the vocabulary in the agricultural books has important corpus value in the compilation of the dictionary, which can supplement the lexicon, the meaning, the documentary evidence and the documentary evidence in advance.
The third chapter is the outline of agricultural vocabulary in the agricultural books of Yuan Dynasty.On the basis of defining agricultural vocabulary, this chapter divides agricultural vocabulary into three levels and gives a systematic and synchronic description of agricultural vocabulary in the agricultural books of Yuan Dynasty from the aspects of agricultural biology, agricultural production behavior and agricultural tools. The formation and development of the agricultural vocabulary are discussed in detail. From the formation point of view, it comes from three aspects. First, it absorbs the common language of the whole people, specifically for the overall borrowing and transformation of borrowing; second, it follows the existing agricultural vocabulary, followed the pre-Qin and Han Dynasties, Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties and Sui, Tang and Song Dynasties. From the development point of view, the first is the internal development of agricultural vocabulary, or abandon, or continue to use; the second is the penetration of agricultural words into the common language of the whole people, or direct infiltration, or extended infiltration, or metaphor infiltration, or the origin of the regression. On the basis of synchronic description and diachronic analysis of vocabulary, this paper describes and explains the phenomena of synonyms and synonyms in agricultural vocabulary, focusing on the internal and external causes of synonyms and synonyms. The internal causes of language are mainly analyzed from three factors: phonetics, vocabulary and rhetoric. The external causes of language are mainly from naming theory. According to the differences, language in time and space, the differences and changes in elegance and vulgarity, as well as the relationship between language and social environment to analyze.
Chapter Four: Semantic Analysis of Agricultural Vocabulary in Yuan Dynasty. This chapter mainly analyzes the meaning of agricultural vocabulary from the aspects of original meaning, extended meaning, etymological meaning, word meaning clustering and the development and change of word meaning. First, on the basis of analyzing the relationship between morpheme and meaning of agricultural vocabulary, it further analyzes the morpheme and meaning of agricultural vocabulary. Second, on the basis of the analysis of the original meaning of agricultural words, the extended meaning system of agricultural words is briefly summarized, and the ways and means of the extended meaning of agricultural words are analyzed in detail. The third is the analysis of the etymological meaning of nouns in agricultural words. We mainly use the method of associating cognates to explore the etymological meaning of monosyllabic nouns, from the source of their respective meanings and their formation. The etymological meanings of disyllabic nouns are explored from two aspects of the causes of coalescence and solidification. Fourthly, several semantic relations in agricultural vocabulary are analyzed and explained, namely, synonymy, hyponymy and antagonism. The development of meaning, disyllabic word, disyllabic word, cognate word and so on are explained in this paper. Fifthly, the development and evolution of agricultural lexical meaning are analyzed. The increase and decrease of agricultural lexical semanteme and the change of lexical meaning range are mainly analyzed, including expansion, reduction and transfer. This chapter tries to make a systematic description and explanation of the agricultural vocabulary in the agricultural books of Yuan Dynasty.
Chapter five is the grammatical analysis of agricultural vocabulary in the Yuan Dynasty.This chapter is mainly from four aspects: active morphemes, word-formation types and ways, quantifier and noun-verb transformation of agricultural words.Active morphemes mainly include "ripe", "farmland", "species" and "joint". There are five ways of object, complement and addition, of which the combination and partial formality are the overwhelming majority. This paper analyzes the specific composition of these two word-formation types from two aspects. "Mei", "leaf", "stripe", "family", "tree", "shoot", "branch", "ben". We analyze the usage of these words in different historical stages, define the time of the formation of quantifiers, and give a detailed introduction to the process and development of quantifiers. On the basis of semantic and cognitive formation, the formation mechanism of the noun-verb category is discussed from three aspects: metaphor, reasoning and generalization. In the transformation of the noun-verb category, we mainly describe the transformation of the agricultural implements from name to function, analyze the semantic and cognitive basis of the transformation of the noun-verb category concretely, and highlight the transformation of the noun-verb category. The principles of sex and proximity are briefly introduced.
Chapter Six: Cognitive Analysis of Metaphor in Agricultural Words of the Yuan Dynasty. This chapter mainly analyzes the metaphorical system and cultural cognition of agricultural words. The similarities between plant growth and plant development are used to understand the process of plant development. Specifically, we can understand the metaphors of plant parts, such as "millet", "peach", "apricot", "willow", "pine", "root", "branch", "flower", "seedling", "bud", and the metaphors of plant rooting, germination, flowering, fruiting and maturity. The metaphorical system of agricultural vocabulary is analyzed in the process of farmland, sowing, fertilizing, watering and harvesting. The mapping between the source domain and the target domain in the metaphorical system is realized and the rationality of the mapping is verified. On this basis, the metaphorical progress of Chinese agricultural vocabulary is further carried out from the cultural perspective. In terms of metaphor analysis, metaphors show obvious ethnic differences.
The conclusion summarizes the full text, summarizes the main points and shortcomings of this article, in order to clear the direction of future efforts and improvement.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：山東師范大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2012
【分類號(hào)】：H131

【引證文獻(xiàn)】

相關(guān)期刊論文 前2條

1 李林穎;;《詩(shī)經(jīng)》中糧食作物詞匯研究[J];現(xiàn)代語(yǔ)文(語(yǔ)言研究版);2013年03期

2 李林穎;;《詩(shī)經(jīng)》農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)工具詞匯與農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)行為詞匯研究[J];現(xiàn)代語(yǔ)文(語(yǔ)言研究版);2013年04期

本文編號(hào)：2219291

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