【摘要】：本文主要是對(duì)否定副詞“沒(méi)（有）”與“了（le）”共現(xiàn)的現(xiàn)象進(jìn)行了系統(tǒng)的研究和論述。在通常情況下，否定副詞“沒(méi)（有）”與“了（le）”是不能共現(xiàn)的，如，“他沒(méi)吃了飯”，“我那天沒(méi)看見(jiàn)她了”，這在我們?nèi)粘Ｊ褂脻h語(yǔ)的過(guò)程中已經(jīng)達(dá)成了共識(shí)。但是，這并不是絕對(duì)的，有那么一小部分句子，其中出現(xiàn)了否定副詞“沒(méi)（有）”與“了（le）”的共現(xiàn)現(xiàn)象，如，“他三天沒(méi)吃飯了”，“打那以后我就再?zèng)]見(jiàn)過(guò)他了”。這一現(xiàn)象引起了許多語(yǔ)法學(xué)家的關(guān)注，他們紛紛撰文從各種角度對(duì)這種現(xiàn)象進(jìn)行了探討和研究，本文就是在繼承前人研究成果的基礎(chǔ)上，對(duì)副詞“沒(méi)（有）”和“了（le）”的性質(zhì)分別進(jìn)行了準(zhǔn)確的界定，從而系統(tǒng)全面地剖析了這一共現(xiàn)現(xiàn)象的類(lèi)型及原因，以期對(duì)對(duì)外漢語(yǔ)教學(xué)的實(shí)踐提供有力的參考。具體工作有如下幾個(gè)方面。 （1）綜述研究現(xiàn)狀，梳理本項(xiàng)研究的學(xué)術(shù)發(fā)展脈絡(luò)，評(píng)價(jià)已有研究的得失，以明確本論文的學(xué)術(shù)起點(diǎn)和目標(biāo)。 （2）對(duì)否定副詞“沒(méi)（有）”和“了（le）”的性質(zhì)進(jìn)行了詳盡的探討和清晰的界定，得出二者在通常情況下不能共現(xiàn)的原因，即“沒(méi)（有）”否定了謂詞所表示的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)的已然性，而“了（le）”又表明謂詞所表示的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)的實(shí)現(xiàn)，二者在語(yǔ)法上是矛盾的，相反的，故不能共現(xiàn)。同時(shí)按照功能對(duì)“了（le）”重新進(jìn)行了劃分，分為時(shí)體助詞“了”和結(jié)果補(bǔ)語(yǔ)“了”，時(shí)體助詞“了”又按照出現(xiàn)的位置分為句中“了a”和句末“了b”，并在此基礎(chǔ)上提出，當(dāng)助詞“了”與“了補(bǔ)”同時(shí)出現(xiàn)時(shí)，二者將進(jìn)行融合，成為合體“了”。如，“我真后悔當(dāng)初殺了他”，該句中的“了”實(shí)際上就是“了a了補(bǔ)”的融合。 （3）從“沒(méi)（有）”與句中“了”共現(xiàn)現(xiàn)象和“沒(méi)（有）”與句末“了”共現(xiàn)現(xiàn)象兩個(gè)方面入手，將搜集到的共現(xiàn)句語(yǔ)料進(jìn)行了分類(lèi)及分析，結(jié)果表明： 首先，當(dāng)“沒(méi)（有）”與時(shí)體助詞“了”的深層語(yǔ)義指向相同時(shí)，，就會(huì)產(chǎn)生矛盾，此時(shí)二者絕對(duì)不能共現(xiàn)，只有當(dāng)二者的深層次語(yǔ)義指向不同時(shí)，“沒(méi)（有）”可以和時(shí)體助詞“了”共現(xiàn)。 其次，“了補(bǔ)”是動(dòng)詞“了”向助詞“了”虛化過(guò)程中的中間狀態(tài)，具有較實(shí)在的意義，表示一種結(jié)果狀態(tài)，不表示任何時(shí)體意義。因此，“了補(bǔ)”與“沒(méi)（有）”不會(huì)產(chǎn)生矛盾。當(dāng)“沒(méi)（有）”的否定焦點(diǎn)在于結(jié)果時(shí)，“沒(méi)（有）”與“了補(bǔ)”共現(xiàn)。但是“了補(bǔ)”與“沒(méi)（有）”的共現(xiàn)除了要受到說(shuō)話人的主觀意圖的影響之外，有時(shí)還會(huì)受到節(jié)律因素的影響，有些單音節(jié)動(dòng)詞進(jìn)行否定時(shí)會(huì)出現(xiàn)節(jié)律不平衡的情況，需要“了補(bǔ)”出現(xiàn)，來(lái)補(bǔ)足音節(jié)。 第三，在“差點(diǎn)兒沒(méi)VP了（VP僅限于人們不希望實(shí)現(xiàn)的事情）”和“就差沒(méi)VP了”兩種句式中，“沒(méi)（有）”是一個(gè)語(yǔ)用上起主觀強(qiáng)調(diào)作用，語(yǔ)義上又羨余的成分，不與“了b”產(chǎn)生矛盾，可以與其自由共現(xiàn)。
[Abstract]:In this paper, the co-occurrence of negative adverbs "not (have)" and "(le)" is systematically studied and discussed. In general, the negative adverb "not" and "(le)" cannot be co-appeared, such as "he didn't eat" or "I didn't see her that day", which has reached a consensus in our daily use of Chinese. However, this is not absolute, there is a small number of sentences, there is a negative adverb "not (have)" and "(le)" co-occurrence, such as, "he did not eat in three days", "since then I have never seen him." This phenomenon has attracted the attention of many linguists, who have written articles to discuss and study this phenomenon from various angles. This paper is based on the previous research results. In this paper, the characteristics of adverbs "no (you)" and "(le)" are accurately defined, and the types and causes of this phenomenon are systematically and comprehensively analyzed, in order to provide a strong reference for the practice of teaching Chinese as a foreign language. The specific work has the following aspects: (1) summarize the current situation of the research, comb the academic development of this research, evaluate the gains and losses of the existing research, In order to clarify the academic starting point and goal of this paper. (2) the nature of the negative adverbs "not (have)" and "(le)" are discussed and clearly defined in detail, and the reasons why the two words can not occur together under normal circumstances are obtained. That is, "no (have)" negates the already nature of the action or state represented by the predicate, while "(le)" indicates the realization of the action or state represented by the predicate. The two are grammatically contradictory and opposite, so they cannot occur together. At the same time, according to the function, the author reclassifies "(le)" into the adverb "er" and the resultant complement "er", and divides it into "a" in sentence and "b" at the end of sentence according to the position of appearance. On this basis, it is put forward. When the auxiliary words "have" and "complement" appear at the same time, the two words will merge and become "integrated". For example, "I regret having killed him." The word "has" in this sentence is actually the fusion of "a" and "a complement". (3) starting from the two aspects of "no (you)" and "co-occurrence" at the end of the sentence, we begin with the two aspects of "no (you)" and "co-occurrence" at the end of the sentence. The collected co-occurrence sentences are classified and analyzed. The results show that, first of all, when the deep semantic points of "not (have)" and the auxiliary word "have" are the same, there will be contradictions. Only when the deep semantic points of the two are different, "no (have)" can co-appear with the tense auxiliary. Secondly, "complement" is the intermediate state in the process of "empty". It means a state of result, not any meaning of tense and aspect. Therefore, there will be no contradiction between "complement" and "no (have)". When the negative focus of "no" is on the result, "no" and "complement" appear together. But in addition to the subjective intention of the speaker, the co-occurrence of "complement" and "not (have)" is sometimes influenced by rhythmic factors, and some monosyllabic verbs have an unbalanced rhythm when they negate. Need to "fill" appear, to fill the syllables. Third, in the two sentence patterns of "almost no VP" (VP is limited to things people do not want to achieve) and "bad is not VP", "no (you)" is a pragmatic element that plays a subjective and semantically envious role. Without contradiction with "b", it is possible to co-exist with its freedom.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：吉林大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2012
【分類(lèi)號(hào)】：H146

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