【摘要】：名詞的基本功能是指稱，名詞的詞義就是對所指對象的描述和反映。名詞的指稱是語言學(xué)、邏輯學(xué)和哲學(xué)共同關(guān)心的眾多傳統(tǒng)問題之一�，F(xiàn)有針對漢語光桿名詞語義的研究成果并不豐富，但是很有研究價(jià)值。作為一種無形態(tài)標(biāo)記的語法形式，漢語光桿名詞在話語中是如何實(shí)現(xiàn)不同指稱意義的，這個(gè)問題值得我們?nèi)リP(guān)注。 當(dāng)前，認(rèn)知語言學(xué)作為一種新的解釋語言現(xiàn)象的路向，在國內(nèi)外蓬勃發(fā)展，為我們提供了一個(gè)研究語言的新視角。Langacker的認(rèn)知語法重視情境植入理論，強(qiáng)調(diào)言語事件、說話人和聽話人、直接環(huán)境等情境因素對語言意義的構(gòu)成所起的重要作用，認(rèn)為一個(gè)語言表達(dá)式的使用是通過理解一個(gè)情境來完成的。本研究嘗試基于認(rèn)知語法情境植入理論的視角，重新審視漢語光桿名詞的語義，希望能發(fā)現(xiàn)影響光桿名詞語義建構(gòu)的認(rèn)知機(jī)制。 本研究的目的是：在認(rèn)知語法情境植入理論的觀照下描寫和解釋漢語光桿名詞的語義，具體包含三個(gè)方面：第一，漢語光桿名詞的主要語義功能；第二，漢語光桿名詞的語義建構(gòu)機(jī)制；第三，漢語光桿名詞情境植入的特征。首先，我們從光桿名詞的句法分布入手，詳細(xì)描寫各句法位置光桿名詞的語義特征，歸納出光桿名詞的主要語義功能。在此基礎(chǔ)上，我們依據(jù)認(rèn)知語法情境植入理論，探討光桿名詞的語義建構(gòu)機(jī)制。最后，總結(jié)出漢語光桿名詞情境植入的特征。 本研究共分七章。第一章，緒論。第二章，研究回顧。第三章，光桿名詞的界定和本文的指稱體系。第四章，認(rèn)知分析框架。第五章，光桿名詞的語義特征。第六章，影響光桿名詞語義建構(gòu)的認(rèn)知因素。第七章，結(jié)論和展望。 第一章是研究緒論，主要交代本研究的動機(jī)、目的、研究方法、理論指導(dǎo)、語料來源和結(jié)構(gòu)安排。 第二章是研究回顧，綜覽和述評前期有代表性的研究成果，在此基礎(chǔ)上，提出本研究的問題。 結(jié)構(gòu)主義視角下的研究主要是從光桿名詞在句中所出現(xiàn)的句法位置入手，有兩個(gè)觀點(diǎn)：“主語位置傾向有定、賓語位置傾向無定”的傾向性觀點(diǎn)和石毓智提出的“句法賦義規(guī)律”：謂語動詞之前表有定，謂語動詞之后表無定。生成語言學(xué)視角下的研究有兩個(gè)著眼點(diǎn)：一是著重分析謂詞性質(zhì)，區(qū)分恒常和瞬時(shí)性謂詞對光桿名詞語義的影響。二是認(rèn)為光桿名詞的不同指稱義是句法語義操作的結(jié)果。功能主義視角下的研究除重視句法位置對光桿名詞語義的影響外，還從信息編碼過程的角度來區(qū)分光桿名詞的語義。認(rèn)知語言學(xué)視角下的研究較為分散，主要代表觀點(diǎn)是沈家煊對光桿名詞“有界”與“無界”的劃分：“有界”名詞典型的語法結(jié)構(gòu)包括做主語的光桿名詞�！盁o界”名詞典型的語法結(jié)構(gòu)包括通指性的名詞和其他光桿名詞。 誠然，各個(gè)學(xué)派對光桿名詞的研究深化了我們對光桿名詞語義的認(rèn)識，為后續(xù)研究的開展提供了借鑒。然而，我們發(fā)現(xiàn)，，對于光桿名詞的研究，仍存在一些懸而未決或較少論及的問題。第一，漢語光桿名詞在話語中都可以實(shí)現(xiàn)何種指稱功能？哪種是最基本的指稱功能？第二，假設(shè)光桿名詞在句子中實(shí)現(xiàn)各類指稱義受隱性情境植入方式的影響，那么這只“看不見的手”是怎樣參與漢語光桿名詞的語義建構(gòu)，影響光桿名詞的語義指稱的？第三，影響漢語光桿名詞語義的隱性情境植入方式表現(xiàn)出哪些特征呢？這三個(gè)問題是本研究要解決的問題。 第三章在對漢語光桿名詞重新界定的基礎(chǔ)上，重新審視漢語名詞的指稱體系。從認(rèn)知語法情境植入理論的角度來看，本文認(rèn)為所有的名詞性成分都是有指成分。有指成分可以分為兩種情況，根據(jù)說話人在話語中是否使用了特定的情境植入方式為所指對象植入情境，令聽話人得以識別所指，有指可以進(jìn)一步分為概指和非概指。非概指指稱又可以分為非個(gè)體指稱和個(gè)體指稱。非個(gè)體指稱對應(yīng)類指，個(gè)體指稱又包括定指（identifiable）和不定指（non-identifiable）。 第四章在認(rèn)知語法情境植入理論的基礎(chǔ)上，提出漢語光桿名詞情境植入的假設(shè)：相較英語中外顯的情境植入成分來說，漢語中的情境植入成分多是隱含的。我們假設(shè)漢語有一套特有的手段來實(shí)現(xiàn)對光桿名詞的情境植入，使言語行為的參與者（說話人和聽話人）能夠建立起與話語中所表示的事物的心理聯(lián)系，即順利辨識出例示域中被凸顯的例示。在這一假設(shè)的基礎(chǔ)上，建立了漢語光桿名詞語義概念化的認(rèn)知分析框架。情境植入是確定光桿名詞相對于情境的位置的過程，通過情境植入，言語行為中的說話人將聽話人的注意力指引向他頭腦中的事體例示，聽話人基于說話人使用的情境植入成分識別出該例示，最終實(shí)現(xiàn)說話人和聽話人與光桿名詞所表示的事物的共同心理聯(lián)系。 第五章在自建的70萬字的小型語料庫的基礎(chǔ)上，對光桿名詞的語義特征進(jìn)行分析，詳細(xì)描寫了在句子各個(gè)位置上的光桿名詞的指稱義。研究發(fā)現(xiàn)：第一，人們會在實(shí)際的話語中大量使用光桿名詞來實(shí)現(xiàn)不同的交際目的。在實(shí)際的話語使用中，光桿名詞的語義特征集中體現(xiàn)在表示定指意義上。第二，光桿名詞的句法位置非常靈活，主要在句子中充當(dāng)賓語，其次是句子主語和定語，同時(shí)還可以擔(dān)任短語層面的主賓語、定語，還可以做稱謂語、出現(xiàn)在比較結(jié)構(gòu)中等。第三，光桿名詞表示不定指的情況非常少，一定程度上說明了光桿名詞表不定指的功能相對較弱。第四，光桿名詞所處的句法位置與其指稱并沒有直接對應(yīng)關(guān)系。 第六章探討光桿名詞的語義建構(gòu)機(jī)制。情境植入的結(jié)果總是說話人和聽話人實(shí)現(xiàn)相同的心智指稱，但實(shí)現(xiàn)這一結(jié)果的方式卻是不同的，原因在于說話人使用了不同的情境植入成分。定指性光桿名詞情境植入的方式包括“型例合一的內(nèi)在情境植入”、“領(lǐng)屬連帶型情境植入”、“時(shí)空錨定型情境植入”、“言語互動型情境植入”、“照應(yīng)型情境植入”、和“量化型情境植入”六種。說話人通過使用不同的情境植入成分開辟了一條聽話人與例示域中某一特定個(gè)體相聯(lián)系的心理通道。不定指光桿名詞主要通過情境植入成分“過”、“有”獲得“個(gè)體義”，說話人通過使用情境植入成分開辟了一條聽話人與例示域中任一個(gè)體相聯(lián)系的心理通道。光桿名詞的類指義凸顯“整體”概念，說話人立足于自己所處的空間，通過為整個(gè)句子植入“非現(xiàn)實(shí)”的情境令聽話人將注意力指向句子中光桿名詞所對應(yīng)的例示的合集，即類別。 第七章是結(jié)論，論述本研究的主要發(fā)現(xiàn)。第一，本文討論漢語光桿名詞的語義，在對70萬字語料分析的基礎(chǔ)上對光桿名詞語義做了詳細(xì)的分析，結(jié)果表明漢語光桿名詞在實(shí)際話語中主要表示定指義。第二，漢語光桿名詞在實(shí)際話語中的指稱義與其說是受句法位置的影響，倒不如說是與不同情境植入方式有關(guān)。第三，漢語光桿名詞主要是通過隱性、間接的情境植入方式獲得指稱義的。第四，漢語的情境植入方式相互兼容并相互交織，一個(gè)光桿名詞的語義建構(gòu)往往受到多種情境植入方式的影響。第五，漢語名詞的情境植入方式與英語名詞情境植入方式表現(xiàn)出較大的差異，但也存在一定的相似之處，其異同包括三個(gè)方面：首先，與英語名詞短語表達(dá)不定指意義時(shí)需要使用情境植入成分“a”一樣，漢語光桿名詞在表達(dá)不定指意義時(shí)多會強(qiáng)制性地加上標(biāo)記，如“個(gè)”和“有”等情境植入成分，表明光桿名詞表達(dá)不定指的功能受到了限制。這也從側(cè)面說明了表達(dá)不定指并不是漢語光桿名詞最本質(zhì)的功能。其次，漢英表達(dá)有定的顯性情境植入成分基本對應(yīng)，英語中的有定情境植入成分“the”、“this”和“that”與漢語中的定指情境植入成“這+量”、“那+量”有一定的對應(yīng)關(guān)系。主要差異在于英語的有定情境植入成分是必要的、強(qiáng)制性的，而漢語的這類顯性定指情境植入成分是可選擇的、非強(qiáng)制性的。在很多情況下，漢語更傾向于使用隱性的情境植入方式。再次，英語名詞短語的情境植入成分如量詞、冠詞和指示代詞之間是互相排斥的，這反映了這些情境植入成分的功能羨余并且語義不兼容。但漢語的情境植入方式卻是相互交織的，一個(gè)光桿名詞的語義建構(gòu)往往受到多種情境植入方式的影響。 本研究的理論意義在于：第一，本研究將情境植入理論應(yīng)用于對現(xiàn)代漢語光桿名詞的研究上，著重探討情境因素如何參與漢語語法體系的構(gòu)建，漢語的語言事實(shí)也對認(rèn)知語法的情境植入理論提出了補(bǔ)正，即名詞情境植入成分除了顯性與隱性之分，還有強(qiáng)制性與非強(qiáng)制性之分。第二，對漢語光桿名詞情境植入的研究，一定意義上豐富了漢語語法研究中有關(guān)光桿名詞語義的研究，基于語言事實(shí)對劉丹青提出的“光桿名詞短語類指普遍性假說”和石毓智提出的“漢語句法結(jié)構(gòu)賦義規(guī)律”提出了補(bǔ)正。此外，對漢語光桿名詞情境植入的研究還為名詞短語語義研究、現(xiàn)代漢語體態(tài)和情態(tài)研究提供了一個(gè)新的視角。第三，漢語光桿名詞情境植入這一統(tǒng)一的模型較好地解決了光桿名詞的意義建構(gòu)問題。 本研究的實(shí)踐意義在于：第一，本文從情境植入角度對光桿名詞指稱義的解讀對對外漢語教學(xué)中光桿名詞選擇與運(yùn)用的研究具有借鑒意義。第二，對于完善簡明的漢語語法體系具有一定的推動作用。 研究展望： 第一，我們期待進(jìn)一步細(xì)化對光桿名詞指稱義的描寫。例如，光桿名詞類指指稱在實(shí)際話語使用中也占有一定的比例，我們認(rèn)為說話人是通過為句子植入“非現(xiàn)實(shí)”的情境來使光桿名詞凸顯類指指稱的。但是，類指指稱的細(xì)化分類是值得進(jìn)一步研究的。 第二，思辨性的研究只有基于大量現(xiàn)實(shí)語料而非自省語料的分析，觀點(diǎn)才會具有扎實(shí)的現(xiàn)實(shí)基礎(chǔ)。本研究更加注重對現(xiàn)實(shí)語料的觀察和分析，歸納整理的豐富語料為后續(xù)研究奠定了良好的基礎(chǔ)，例如，我們可以在現(xiàn)有語料的基礎(chǔ)上，對光桿名詞各種情境植入方式所占比重進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計(jì)分析，以更直觀的方式展現(xiàn)漢語光桿名詞情境植入的特征，對這些情境植入方式以及它們之間的關(guān)系進(jìn)行更準(zhǔn)確的描述。
[Abstract]:The basic function of nouns is reference. The meaning of a noun is the description and reflection of the object referred to. The reference of a noun is one of the many traditional issues of common concern in linguistics, logic and philosophy. The existing research results on the semantic meaning of Chinese light bar nouns are not rich, but they are of great value. In the form of Chinese bare noun, how to achieve different referential meanings in discourse is worthy of our attention.
At present, as a new way of interpreting language phenomenon, cognitive linguistics has developed rapidly both at home and abroad. It provides us with a new perspective of language study,.Langacker, which emphasizes the importance of situational embedding theory, emphasizing the importance of linguistic events, speaker and hearers, and direct environment factors to the composition of language meaning. The use of a language expression is accomplished by understanding a situation. This study attempts to reexamine the semantic meaning of the Chinese light bar nouns based on the perspective of cognitive grammatical situational implantation theory, hoping to find the cognitive mechanism that affects the semantic construction of the noun.
The purpose of this study is to describe and explain the semantic meaning of Chinese light bar nouns under the perspective of cognitive grammatical situation implantation theory, which includes three aspects: first, the main semantic functions of Chinese light bar nouns; second, semantic construction mechanism of Chinese light bar nouns; third, characteristics of Chinese light pole nouns. First, we Starting with the syntactic distribution of the light bar nouns, the semantic features of the light bar nouns in each syntactic position are described in detail, and the main semantic functions of the light bar nouns are summed up. On this basis, we discuss the semantic construction mechanism of the light bar nouns based on the cognitive grammatical situation implantation theory. Finally, the characteristics of the situation implantation of the Chinese light bar nouns are summed up.
This study is divided into seven chapters. The first chapter, the introduction, the second chapter, the research review. The third chapter, the definition of the noun noun and the reference system of this article. The fourth chapter, the cognitive analysis framework. The fifth chapter, the semantic features of the light pole noun. The sixth chapter, the cognitive factors affecting the semantic construction of the light pole noun. Seventh chapter, the conclusion and the prospect.
The first chapter is the introduction of the study, which mainly explains the motivation, purpose, research methods, theoretical guidance, corpus sources and structural arrangement of the study.
The second chapter is a review of the research, a review and commentary on the representative research results in the early stage, and on this basis, the problems of this study are put forward.
From the perspective of structuralism, the study mainly begins with the syntactic position of the noun noun in the sentence. There are two points of view: "the tendencies of the position tendency of the subject, the position of the object indefinite" and the "law of syntactic meaning" put forward by Shi Yuzhi: the predicate verb is fixed before the predicate verb is fixed, the predicate verb is indefinite after the predicate verb, and the idiom is the idiom. There are two points of view in the perspective of the perspective: one is to focus on the analysis of the nature of the predicate and to distinguish the influence of the constant and instantaneous predicates on the semantic meaning of the noun. The two is that the different referential meaning of the light bar nouns is the result of the sentence French meaning operation. From the point of view of the information encoding process, the semantic meaning of the light bar nouns is distinguished. The research in the perspective of cognitive linguistics is more scattered. The main representation is that Shen Jia's view is divided into the "bounded" and "unbounded" of the light bar nouns. The typical grammatical structure of the "bounded" noun includes the light pole noun as the subject. It consists of nouns and other light pole nouns.
It is true that the study of the light bar nouns has deepened our understanding of the noun semantics of the light bar, and provided a reference for the follow-up study. However, we have found that there are still some unresolved or less discussed questions about the study of the light bar nouns. First, what kind of reference function can be realized in the discourse of the Chinese light bar nouns. Which is the most basic referential function? Second, assuming that the light pole noun realizes the influence of the implicit context implantation in the sentence, then how does the "invisible hand" participate in the semantic construction of the Chinese light pole noun and influence the semantic reference of the light pole noun? Third, the implicit feeling affecting the semantic meaning of the Chinese light pole noun. What are the characteristics of environmental implantation? These three problems are the problems to be solved in this study.
The third chapter reexamines the reference system of Chinese nouns on the basis of redefining the noun noun in Chinese. From the point of view of the cognitive grammatical situation implantation theory, this paper holds that all the noun elements are referred to. The referential component can be divided into two situations, and whether the speaker uses a specific situation in the discourse or not. The way of entry is to implant the object to the object, so that the speaker can identify the finger, and the finger can be further divided into general and non reference. The non referential reference can be divided into non individual reference and individual reference. The non individual reference to the corresponding category refers to the individual reference (identifiable) and the indefinite finger (non-identifiable).
The fourth chapter, based on the theory of cognitive grammatical situation implantation, puts forward the hypothesis of context implantation in Chinese light bar nouns. Compared with the contextual implants in English and foreign language, the situation implantable elements in Chinese are mostly implied. We assume that Chinese has a unique set of means to realize the situation implantation of the light bar nouns and make the speech act The participants (speakers and hearers) can establish the psychological connection with what is expressed in the discourse, that is, a smooth identification of the illustrative examples in the illustrative domain. On the basis of this hypothesis, a cognitive analysis framework for the semantic conceptualization of the Chinese light bar nouns is established. Through the situation implantation, the speaker in the speech act will guide the listener's attention to the case in his mind. The listener recognizes the example based on the situational implant component used by the speaker, and finally realizes the common psychological connection between the speaker and the listener and the light bar nouns.
The fifth chapter, on the basis of a small corpus of self built 70 thousand words, analyzes the semantic features of the light bar nouns and describes the meaning of the light pole noun in every position of the sentence. First, people will use a lot of light bar nouns to achieve different communicative purposes in the actual discourse. In use, the semantic features of the noun noun are embodied in the signifying meaning. Second, the syntactic position of the light bar nouns is very flexible, mainly as the object in the sentence, followed by the subject and the attribution of the sentence, and can also serve as the main object, the attribution and the appellation at the phrase level, and appear in the middle of the comparative structure, third, the name of the light pole. There are very few words indicating the indefinite meaning of words. To a certain extent, the function of the indefinite element of the light bar nouns is relatively weak. Fourth, the syntactic position of the noun noun is not directly corresponding to its reference.
The sixth chapter discusses the semantic construction mechanism of the light pole noun. The result of situational implantation is always the same mind reference for the speaker and the hearer, but the way to achieve this result is different, the reason is that the speaker uses different contextual implants. There are six types of contextual implants: "situational implantation", "situational context implantation", "space-time anchoring situation implantation", "verbal interactive situation implantation", "anaphora situation implantation", and "quantitative situational implantation". By using different contextual implants, the speaker opens a hearer to a particular individual in the example domain. It does not necessarily mean that the light bar nouns are mainly inserted through the situation to "over", "there are" "individual meanings", and the speaker opens up a psychological channel that the listener is connected with any individual in the domain through the use of the situation. The class meaning of the light pole NOUN highlights the concept of "the whole", and the speaker is based on himself. The space in which the "unrealistic" situation is implanted in the whole sentence makes the listener point the attention to the collection of examples corresponding to the light bar nouns in the sentence, that is, the category.
The seventh chapter is the conclusion and the main findings of this study. First, this paper discusses the semantic meaning of the Chinese light bar nouns. On the basis of the analysis of the 70 thousand words, the meaning of the noun noun is analyzed in detail. The result shows that the Chinese light pole noun mainly expresses the meaning in the actual discourse. Second, the Chinese light pole noun in the actual discourse refers to the meaning of the noun. Meaning rather than the effect of syntactic position, it is more related to different situational implants. Third, Chinese light bar nouns mainly get referential meaning through recessive and indirect situation implantation. Fourth, Chinese situational implants are compatible and intertwined with each other, and the semantic construction of a light pole noun is often subjected to many kinds of semantic construction. The influence of situational implants. Fifth, there are great differences between Chinese nouns and English noun situation implantation, but there are some similarities. The similarities and differences include three aspects: first, when the expression of English noun phrases is not defined, the situation implants "a" should be used as "the Chinese light pole". Nouns often add markers, such as "one" and "there", to indicate that the function of the indefinite meaning of the expression of light bar nouns is restricted. It also shows that expression is not the most essential function of Chinese light bar nouns. Secondly, the expression of explicit context is implanted in Chinese English. The components "the", "this" and "that" in English are implanted into "this + quantity" and "that + quantity" in English. The main difference lies in the necessity and coercion of the implanting components in English. In many cases, Chinese is more inclined to use implicit situational implants. Again, the contextual implants of English noun phrases such as quantifiers, articles and demonstrative pronouns are mutually exclusive, which reflects the functional enviour and incompatibility of these contexts, but the situation in Chinese. The way of implantation is intertwined, and the semantic construction of a bare noun is often influenced by various situational implants.
The theoretical significance of this study lies in the following: first, this study applies the situation implantation theory to the study of modern Chinese light bar nouns, focusing on how situational factors participate in the construction of Chinese grammar system. The language facts of the Chinese language also make a correction to the theory of context implantation in cognitive grammar, that is, the elements of the noun situation implantation are explicit except dominance. Second, the study of the context implantation of the Chinese light pole noun enriches the study of the semantic of the light bar noun in the study of Chinese grammar, based on the "universal hypothesis of the light pole noun phrase category" and the "Chinese sentence" proposed by Shi Yuzhi based on the fact of language to Liu Danqing. In addition, the research on the situation implantation of Chinese light bar nouns has also provided a new perspective for the study of noun phrase semantics, the study of modern Chinese posture and modality. Third, the unified model of the situation implantation of Chinese light bar nouns is a good solution to the problem of the meaning construction of the light bar nouns.
The practical significance of this study lies in the following aspects: first, this paper has a reference to the study of the selection and application of light bar nouns in the teaching of Chinese as a foreign language from the perspective of context implantation. Second, it has some action for improving the Concise Chinese grammar system.
Research prospects:
First, we look forward to further refining the description of the nominal meaning of the light pole noun. For example, the light pole noun refers to a certain proportion in the use of the actual discourse, and we think the speaker makes the light by implanting a "unrealistic" situation for the sentence.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：河南大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2012
【分類號】：H146

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