本文選題：博客 + 語(yǔ)篇��； 參考：《南京大學(xué)》2012年博士論文

【摘要】：從20世紀(jì)60年代至今,全球互聯(lián)網(wǎng)用戶人數(shù)超過(guò)數(shù)十億,網(wǎng)絡(luò)交際方式對(duì)現(xiàn)代人類的生產(chǎn)、經(jīng)濟(jì)、生活等各個(gè)方面都產(chǎn)生了巨大的影響。博客是上世紀(jì)90年代末,繼電子郵件、網(wǎng)絡(luò)論壇以及即時(shí)聊天之后又一迅速崛起的網(wǎng)絡(luò)交際方式。中國(guó)的博客發(fā)展稍晚于歐美,它于2000年開(kāi)始出現(xiàn)并于2005年開(kāi)始迅速普及,截至2011年底博客用戶已逾3億。博客有著不同于其它網(wǎng)絡(luò)交際方式的特點(diǎn)：1、網(wǎng)頁(yè)主體由不斷更新的眾多“帖子”組成；2、它們?cè)诰W(wǎng)頁(yè)上按時(shí)間的倒序順序排列,即最新的放在最上面,最舊的在最下面；3、內(nèi)容可以是各種主題、各種外觀布局和各種寫作風(fēng)格,且“超鏈接”成為其重要的表達(dá)方式,同時(shí),日歷、檔案也是必要的構(gòu)成元素；4、讀者可以發(fā)表評(píng)論。 90年代中期以來(lái),網(wǎng)絡(luò)媒體成為中德語(yǔ)言學(xué)研究的一個(gè)熱點(diǎn)話題,電子郵件、網(wǎng)絡(luò)論壇以及即時(shí)聊天等交際方式的語(yǔ)言學(xué)研究方興正艾,它們各自的語(yǔ)言特點(diǎn)、交際方式、語(yǔ)篇類型都被一一剖析。這些網(wǎng)絡(luò)新興的語(yǔ)篇類型抑或交際方式被認(rèn)定兼具口頭和書面語(yǔ)篇特點(diǎn),作為以書寫形式表現(xiàn)的交際方式,卻不同程度地體現(xiàn)了口語(yǔ)化的趨勢(shì)。而博客以其信息傳播之及時(shí)、受眾之廣泛在軍事、政治、經(jīng)濟(jì)領(lǐng)域聲名鵲起,成為社會(huì)學(xué)和媒體學(xué)研究的一個(gè)新興領(lǐng)域。很多學(xué)者把它和傳統(tǒng)媒體相提并論,并認(rèn)為它發(fā)展成為信息傳播的一種重要渠道,成為傳統(tǒng)媒體的有力競(jìng)爭(zhēng)。相對(duì)于其它網(wǎng)絡(luò)交際方式的豐富研究以及各學(xué)科領(lǐng)域?qū)τ诓┛偷膹V泛關(guān)注,語(yǔ)言學(xué)方面對(duì)于中、德博客的系統(tǒng)研究尚處于起步階段,僅有的博客語(yǔ)言學(xué)研究,也只涉及了一些具體語(yǔ)言現(xiàn)象的分析。因此從語(yǔ)言學(xué)的篇章語(yǔ)言學(xué)以及語(yǔ)體學(xué)這兩個(gè)視角系統(tǒng)地審視博客的語(yǔ)言語(yǔ)體特點(diǎn),剖析博客與其它網(wǎng)絡(luò)語(yǔ)篇的異同,解析博客與傳統(tǒng)媒體的關(guān)系,對(duì)于深化語(yǔ)言學(xué)的發(fā)展和規(guī)范引導(dǎo)博客語(yǔ)言的應(yīng)用具有重要的理論和現(xiàn)實(shí)指導(dǎo)意義。 基于以上背景,本文針對(duì)博客這一新興的網(wǎng)絡(luò)交際方式,從語(yǔ)言學(xué)尤其是篇章語(yǔ)言學(xué)和語(yǔ)體學(xué)角度,對(duì)中、德兩國(guó)博客文章在語(yǔ)篇類型和語(yǔ)言語(yǔ)體方面的特點(diǎn)進(jìn)行分析和比較,一定程度上填補(bǔ)了這一方面的空白。在語(yǔ)篇分析方面,以傳統(tǒng)的報(bào)刊媒體的語(yǔ)篇類型為出發(fā)點(diǎn),分析博客語(yǔ)篇的特點(diǎn),并以此剖析博客與傳統(tǒng)媒體的關(guān)系；在語(yǔ)體分析方面,則重點(diǎn)分析博客的語(yǔ)言特征,以及對(duì)比博客和其它一些網(wǎng)絡(luò)交際方式比如電子郵件、網(wǎng)上即時(shí)聊天之間的語(yǔ)言差異。 為保證本文所研究博客的代表性、可比性,本研究以隨機(jī)選取的中文以及德文的足球博客為研究對(duì)象,選取德國(guó)足球博客列表中20個(gè)保持更新的,并以文字為主的博客,每個(gè)博客選取2008年12月31日前最新更新的文章,選取文章的總字?jǐn)?shù)不少于5000字。中文博客由于沒(méi)有此類列表,因此在4大門戶網(wǎng)站騰訊、新浪、搜狐以及網(wǎng)易隨機(jī)抽取以足球?yàn)橹饕獌?nèi)容并保持更新的中文博客20個(gè),每個(gè)博客選取截止于2008年12月的最新博客文章。整個(gè)數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)共計(jì)20余萬(wàn)字,其中德文、中文各不少于10萬(wàn)字。 在篇章語(yǔ)言學(xué)的發(fā)展中,語(yǔ)篇類型的定義及分類一直以來(lái)雖然備受爭(zhēng)議,各家各執(zhí)一詞,但眾多語(yǔ)言學(xué)家都一致認(rèn)為語(yǔ)篇銜接(Textverkniipfung)、語(yǔ)篇結(jié)構(gòu)(Textstruktur)、語(yǔ)篇主題(Textthema)以及語(yǔ)篇功能(Textfunktion)是分析不同語(yǔ)篇特點(diǎn)的重要因素。因此,本文以足球博客為例,首先從以上各個(gè)方面,并結(jié)合HausendorfKesselheim提出的“指示元(Hinweis)”概念進(jìn)行語(yǔ)篇分析,通過(guò)以上比較分析旨在回答以下問(wèn)題：足球博客中出現(xiàn)哪些具體的語(yǔ)篇類型?它們分別具備哪些語(yǔ)篇指示?和傳統(tǒng)報(bào)刊媒體的語(yǔ)篇類型相比有何異同?原因何在? 語(yǔ)篇分析的結(jié)果表明,足球博客中偏重?cái)⑹鲂约白h論性的語(yǔ)篇結(jié)構(gòu),根據(jù)Luger(1995)對(duì)于傳統(tǒng)的報(bào)刊媒體的分類,足球博客中信息類(informationsbetonte Texte)口評(píng)論類語(yǔ)篇(]meinungsbetonte Texte)居多。在足球博客中,信息類語(yǔ)篇除了報(bào)刊媒體中常見(jiàn)的消息、報(bào)道外,還出現(xiàn)了一些特殊語(yǔ)篇類型,比如賽事直播語(yǔ)篇、轉(zhuǎn)會(huì)傳聞、參賽球員名單及隊(duì)形等；評(píng)論類語(yǔ)篇中則以中短評(píng)為主,輔以諷刺性雜評(píng)以及偏評(píng)論的報(bào)告文學(xué)；其它類型的語(yǔ)篇在本人的博文語(yǔ)料中出現(xiàn)頻率相對(duì)較低,聯(lián)絡(luò)類語(yǔ)篇(kontaktorientierte Texte)多和其它類型語(yǔ)篇相融合,呼吁類語(yǔ)篇(auffordernde Texte)以廣告形式出現(xiàn),而指示類語(yǔ)篇(instruierend-anweisende Texte)未出現(xiàn)。另外,博客中也出現(xiàn)了傳統(tǒng)報(bào)刊媒體語(yǔ)篇分類中所沒(méi)有的消遣類語(yǔ)篇(unterhaltende Texte),這類語(yǔ)篇的語(yǔ)言文藝、文學(xué)性較強(qiáng)。相對(duì)于德文博客,中文博文更偏重于評(píng)論性文章,另外也出現(xiàn)了聯(lián)絡(luò)、信息、評(píng)論以及消遣類語(yǔ)篇。 在分析了博客的語(yǔ)篇特征后,論文進(jìn)一步研究了中、德體育博客的語(yǔ)言語(yǔ)體的特征。在新媒體的語(yǔ)言語(yǔ)體分析中,KochOesterreichr模式應(yīng)用廣泛,他們把語(yǔ)言的實(shí)現(xiàn)“媒介”分為聲音和書寫方式,以口語(yǔ)語(yǔ)態(tài)(konzeptionelle Mundlichkeit)和書面語(yǔ)語(yǔ)態(tài)(konzeptionelle Schriftlichkeit)為兩極,并且分別和近、遠(yuǎn)交際以及各自不同的特征相關(guān)聯(lián),各種語(yǔ)篇類型均可以依據(jù)其語(yǔ)體特征排列于這兩極之間。其中,口語(yǔ)交際具有私密、熟悉、非計(jì)劃以及同步性的特點(diǎn),而書面語(yǔ)交際則是公開(kāi)、陌生、有計(jì)劃以及非同步的。這樣的語(yǔ)境特征決定了口頭語(yǔ)言的特征一般為使用表現(xiàn)力強(qiáng)的口語(yǔ)化詞匯,句子結(jié)構(gòu)簡(jiǎn)單、多為不完整句和省略句,常出現(xiàn)講話人未察覺(jué)的錯(cuò)誤。書面語(yǔ)言則句子結(jié)構(gòu)比較復(fù)雜,通常不出現(xiàn)未被作者發(fā)現(xiàn)的錯(cuò)誤�；诳谡Z(yǔ)和書面語(yǔ)語(yǔ)態(tài)的不同特征,博客作為以書寫方式實(shí)現(xiàn)的一種網(wǎng)絡(luò)交際方式,其語(yǔ)言具備什么特征?在口語(yǔ)語(yǔ)態(tài)和書面語(yǔ)語(yǔ)態(tài)的兩極間,尤其和傳統(tǒng)媒體以及和其它網(wǎng)絡(luò)交際方式相比,博客處于什么樣的位置?中、德文博客的語(yǔ)體在哪些方面具有可比性?針對(duì)以上問(wèn)題,本文分別對(duì)中、德足球博客語(yǔ)體的正字法、詞法、句法、語(yǔ)音語(yǔ)態(tài)書寫以及超文本特征進(jìn)行了具體的分析與比較。 從對(duì)中、德文語(yǔ)言各層面的定性以及部分定量分析上可以看出,博客語(yǔ)言在語(yǔ)言規(guī)范上有一定程度的偏離,出現(xiàn)了一些書寫錯(cuò)誤,詞法方面語(yǔ)氣詞、口語(yǔ)詞匯、方言、粗話以及句法方面短句、省略句的使用都體現(xiàn)了口語(yǔ)特征,語(yǔ)音語(yǔ)態(tài)書寫方面,博客由于是書寫方式實(shí)現(xiàn)的交流,出現(xiàn)一些通過(guò)文字來(lái)表現(xiàn)語(yǔ)調(diào)、聲音、表情和動(dòng)作的手段,例如：重復(fù)拼寫相同字或符,使用表情和動(dòng)作符號(hào),通過(guò)斜體、粗體、變換字體以及顏色加強(qiáng)語(yǔ)氣等。此外,外來(lái)語(yǔ)的使用體現(xiàn)了異語(yǔ)言和文化的滲透,縮略語(yǔ)是語(yǔ)言簡(jiǎn)化以及群體認(rèn)同的結(jié)果,而多圖和超鏈接則是博客區(qū)別于傳統(tǒng)媒體以及其它網(wǎng)絡(luò)交際方式的重要特征。相對(duì)于德文博客,語(yǔ)料庫(kù)中的中文博文書寫錯(cuò)誤更少,外來(lái)語(yǔ)尤其是英語(yǔ)外來(lái)詞的使用頻率也更低。 綜合篇章以及語(yǔ)體方面的研究,本文得出以下結(jié)論： 1.博客是一個(gè)多語(yǔ)篇的結(jié)合體,它個(gè)人化的、開(kāi)放式的交際方式?jīng)Q定了其語(yǔ)篇的多樣性。新媒體的不斷發(fā)展,也使得語(yǔ)篇類型不再單一化、模式化,語(yǔ)篇融合已經(jīng)成為不可阻擋的趨勢(shì)。博客在語(yǔ)篇類型方面和傳統(tǒng)媒體相比,有很多相似性,同時(shí),博客也有自己特有的語(yǔ)篇類型及其特征。 2.博客語(yǔ)體有口語(yǔ)特征,比報(bào)紙、雜志等傳統(tǒng)新聞媒體更隨意、表達(dá)更自由,有簡(jiǎn)約、生動(dòng)的特征,但相對(duì)于即時(shí)聊天、網(wǎng)絡(luò)論壇甚至電子郵件,它的這一傾向并不明顯,因此和它們相比,博客語(yǔ)體更接近書面語(yǔ)語(yǔ)態(tài)、更具規(guī)范性。 3.基于博客在語(yǔ)篇及語(yǔ)體方面和傳統(tǒng)新聞媒體的相似性,以及它迅速的信息傳播方式、豐富的信息量以及強(qiáng)大的互動(dòng)性,使得博客成為傳統(tǒng)媒體重要的補(bǔ)充并且強(qiáng)有力的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)者,但同時(shí)博客中信息的真實(shí)性、可靠性無(wú)法得到保障,也成為它不能替代傳統(tǒng)新聞媒體的主要原因。 4.在一些新興應(yīng)用如微博的影響下,普通網(wǎng)民越來(lái)越習(xí)慣于快速、簡(jiǎn)單、互動(dòng)性和社交性強(qiáng)的信息互動(dòng)方式,博客的使用率雖有所下降,卻越加呈現(xiàn)出傳統(tǒng)的信息傳播特征。由于博客不受時(shí)間、空間限制,因此它比即時(shí)聊天、微博等網(wǎng)絡(luò)交際形式更規(guī)范、表達(dá)更準(zhǔn)確、邏輯更嚴(yán)謹(jǐn),在表述及論證個(gè)人觀點(diǎn)方面具有更大的優(yōu)勢(shì)。由此推斷,博客的使用群體會(huì)有所減小,但仍具有一定的生存空間,它將成為意見(jiàn)領(lǐng)袖們傳送信息的重要陣地,評(píng)論類語(yǔ)篇逐漸占據(jù)主導(dǎo)地位,意識(shí)操控將逐漸成為其語(yǔ)篇的主要功能。
[Abstract]:Since the 1960s and so far , the number of Internet users in the world has exceeded billions , and the way of network communication has exerted great influence on the production , economy and life of modern human beings . The blog is a rapidly rising network communication mode after the end of the 1990s , following e - mail , web forum and instant chat . The blog has more than 300 million people since the end of 2011 . The blog has more than 300 million blogs by the end of 2011 . The blog has the characteristics of different ways of network communication : 1 . The main body of the web page is composed of many " posts " that are constantly updated ;
2 . They are arranged in the reverse order of time on the web page , that is , the most up - to - date , oldest in the bottom ;
3 . The content can be various theme , various appearance layout and various writing styles , and " hyperlink " becomes its important expression mode , meanwhile , calendar and file are necessary constituent elements ;
4 . Readers can comment .

Since the mid - 1990s , network media has become a hot topic in Sino - German linguistics , such as e - mail , network forum and instant chat .

Based on the above background , this paper tries to analyze and compare the characteristics of Chinese and German blog posts in discourse type and language style from linguistics , especially discourse linguistics and corpus , to some extent , and to analyze the relationship between blog and traditional media in the aspect of discourse analysis .
In the aspect of corpus analysis , the paper focuses on analyzing the linguistic features of the blog , and comparing the language differences between the blog and some other ways such as e - mail and instant chat .

In order to ensure the representation and comparability of the blogs studied in this paper , 20 Chinese and German football blogs are selected randomly in Chinese and German blogs . Each blog is selected to be the latest updated articles before Dec . 31 , 2008 . Each blog is selected as the most updated blog post of December 31 , 2008 . Each blog picks up the latest blog posts as of December 2008 . The entire database totals more than 200,000 words , including German and Chinese , not less than 100,000 words .

In the development of discourse linguistics , the definition and classification of discourse types has always been controversial and different from each other , but many linguist agree that textual cohesion ipfung , Textstruktur , Textthema , and Textfunktion are important factors to analyze the characteristics of different discourse .

According to Luger ( 1995 ) , there are some special discourse types , such as broadcast live text , transfer rumours , list of players and formation , etc .
In the discourse of comments , the paper mainly focuses on the short - term review and the reportage of satirical and biased comments .
Other types of discourse have relatively low frequency in my blog corpus , and the contact discourse ( kontaktorientierte Texte ) has been merged with other types of texts , and call - based discourse ( " auffordernde Texte ) has not appeared . In addition , there have been unterhaltende Texte , which has not been found in the traditional newspapers and periodicals . In addition , the blog also has unterterhaltende Texte , which is more focused on critical articles than German blogs , and also has contacts , information , comments and passives .

After analyzing the features of the blog , the paper further studies the features of Chinese and German sports blogs . In the analysis of the linguistic corpus of the new media , the characters of the language are widely used . They are classified into two poles according to their language features .

From the qualitative and quantitative analysis of all aspects of Chinese and German language , it can be seen that there are some deviations in the language norm of the blog language , and there are some writing errors , such as words , words , dialect , rude words and syntax . In addition , the use of foreign language reflects the penetration of different languages and cultures .

In this paper , the following conclusions are drawn :

1 . Blogs are a combination of a multi - language discourse , which is personalized and open - ended . It determines the diversity of discourse . The continuous development of the new media also makes the discourse type no longer singularized , formalised , and discourse cohesion has become an irresistible trend . The blog has many similarities compared with traditional media , and the blog has its own unique discourse type and its characteristics .

2 . The language features of the blog are more random , more free , concise and vivid than the traditional news media such as newspapers , magazines and the like , but the tendency is not obvious relative to the instant chat , the web forum and even the e - mail , so the blog corpus is closer to the written language and is more normative .

3 . Based on the similarity of the blog in the discourse and the corpus and the traditional news media , as well as its rapid information transmission , abundant information and strong interactivity , the blog has become an important supplement to the traditional media and a strong competitor , but at the same time the authenticity and reliability of the information in the blog cannot be guaranteed , and it becomes the main reason that it cannot replace the traditional news media .

4 . Under the influence of some emerging applications , such as micro - blog , ordinary Internet users are becoming accustomed to the rapid , simple , interactive and social interaction way , while the usage of blog has declined , but it has more advantages than instant chat , micro blog and so on . As a result , the use group of blog will decrease , but it still has certain living space . It will become an important position for the opinion leaders to transmit information , and the comment texts gradually occupy the dominant position , and the conscious manipulation will gradually become the main function of their discourse .
【學(xué)位授予單位】：南京大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2012
【分類號(hào)】：H05

【共引文獻(xiàn)】

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1 鐘茜韻;陳新仁;;歷史語(yǔ)用學(xué)研究方法:問(wèn)題與出路[J];外語(yǔ)教學(xué)理論與實(shí)踐;2014年02期

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