本文選題：體貌副詞 + 極性敏感性�。� 參考：《復(fù)旦大學(xué)》2012年碩士論文

【摘要】：本文研究漢語(yǔ)體貌副詞的極性敏感特征,探尋漢語(yǔ)極性體貌副詞(正極詞和負(fù)極詞)的臨時(shí)極性特征以及造成這種臨時(shí)極性特征的梯級(jí)邏輯,主要圍繞“非持續(xù)類”體貌副詞“已經(jīng)”和“持續(xù)類”體貌副詞“還”來(lái)討論。詞語(yǔ)的臨時(shí)極性特征是指它們本來(lái)不為極性詞語(yǔ),但在不同的語(yǔ)境中表現(xiàn)出不同的極性特征。 本文發(fā)現(xiàn)“非持續(xù)類”體貌副詞與“持續(xù)類”體貌副詞在[±持續(xù)性]兩種情狀中呈現(xiàn)出對(duì)立互補(bǔ)的極性分布特征,即“非持續(xù)類”體貌副詞用于[-持續(xù)性]情狀時(shí)呈現(xiàn)正極性分布,用于[+持續(xù)性]情狀時(shí)呈現(xiàn)負(fù)極性分布；“持續(xù)類”體貌副詞在[-持續(xù)性]情狀中呈現(xiàn)負(fù)極性分布,在[+持續(xù)性]情狀中則呈現(xiàn)正極性分布；而“量化義類”體貌副詞由于命題焦點(diǎn)指向“事件持續(xù)長(zhǎng)度或者重復(fù)次數(shù)”,并非事件本身,因此沒(méi)有極性敏感性。 當(dāng)用Israel(1998,2001,2004,2011)的梯級(jí)模型來(lái)分析事件的體貌梯級(jí)時(shí),我們發(fā)現(xiàn)用“時(shí)間的早晚”作為“量值”加入事件體貌梯級(jí)的邏輯運(yùn)算存在一些問(wèn)題,比如難以確定“早晚”的量值,而且總結(jié)出的梯級(jí)邏輯也比較混亂,缺乏統(tǒng)一性和概括性。 本文認(rèn)為信息論中“事件的先驗(yàn)概率”與信息量的函數(shù)關(guān)系可以較好地解釋事件的體貌梯級(jí)。信息論的基本思想是概率越小的事件發(fā)生后解除的不確定性越多,提供的信息量越大。我們用信息論的這一原理修正Israel提出的基于量值的梯級(jí)模型,把它提升為基于概率的梯級(jí)模型,其推理邏輯為：若肯定概率較小的事件,則也肯定概率較大的事件；若否定概率較大的事件,則也否定概率較小的事件。 在體貌表達(dá)中,事件發(fā)生的先驗(yàn)概率和“時(shí)間的長(zhǎng)短”以及“期待”有關(guān),一般來(lái)說(shuō),在常規(guī)期待中,時(shí)間越短,例外事件發(fā)生的機(jī)會(huì)和概率越小,事件就越可能保持先前的狀態(tài),時(shí)間越長(zhǎng),例外事件發(fā)生的機(jī)會(huì)和概率就越大,事件就越不可能保持原來(lái)的狀態(tài)。強(qiáng)調(diào)型極性詞要想獲得強(qiáng)調(diào)的效果,就必須尋求最大的自信息,因此它們必須描述概率極小的事件,即對(duì)極不可能發(fā)生的事件要進(jìn)行肯定,對(duì)極有可能發(fā)生的事件要進(jìn)行否定。“已經(jīng)”和“還”都在句中起加強(qiáng)語(yǔ)氣的作用,表達(dá)事件或狀態(tài)出乎意料,與期待相反。由于“已經(jīng)”和“還”的[±變化]語(yǔ)義特征,導(dǎo)致了它們?cè)赱±持續(xù)性]兩種情狀類型中對(duì)立互補(bǔ)的極性分布,具體說(shuō)明如下： “已經(jīng)”具有[+變化]的語(yǔ)義特征,由于語(yǔ)義相容與否的關(guān)系,它在[-持續(xù)性]情狀中呈現(xiàn)正極性分布,在[+持續(xù)性]情狀中呈現(xiàn)負(fù)極性分布,遵循的梯級(jí)邏輯是：在[-持續(xù)性]情狀中,肯定概率較小的事件(較短時(shí)間內(nèi)狀態(tài)就發(fā)生了改變)來(lái)衍推所有其他概率比它大的事件(較長(zhǎng)時(shí)間內(nèi)狀態(tài)發(fā)生了改變),如由“三歲的時(shí)候他就已經(jīng)會(huì)背唐詩(shī)了”可以推知“他三歲以后都會(huì)背唐詩(shī)”；在[+持續(xù)性]情狀中,否定概率較大的事件(較短時(shí)間內(nèi)狀態(tài)保持先前的樣子)來(lái)否定所有其他概率比它小的事件(較長(zhǎng)時(shí)間內(nèi)狀態(tài)仍保持先前的樣子),如由“這種生意我早在十年前就已經(jīng)不做了”可以推知“我五年前也早不做這種生意了”。 “還”具有[-變化]的語(yǔ)義特征,它在[+持續(xù)性]情狀中呈現(xiàn)正極性分布,在[-持續(xù)性]情狀中呈現(xiàn)負(fù)極性分布,遵循的梯級(jí)邏輯是：在[+持續(xù)性]情狀中,肯定概率較小的事件(較長(zhǎng)時(shí)間內(nèi)事件仍保持先前的狀態(tài))來(lái)衍推所有其他概率比它大的事件(較短時(shí)間內(nèi)事件保持先前的狀態(tài)),如由“他半夜還在看書”可以推知“他晚上八點(diǎn)一定也在看書”；在[-持續(xù)性]情狀中,否定概率較大的事件(較長(zhǎng)時(shí)間內(nèi)狀態(tài)發(fā)生了改變)來(lái)否定所有其他概率比它小的事件(較短時(shí)間內(nèi)狀態(tài)發(fā)生了改變),如由“都下午兩點(diǎn)了,他還沒(méi)有到上�！笨梢酝浦跋挛缫稽c(diǎn)的時(shí)候他沒(méi)有到上�！薄� 本文的理論意義有三點(diǎn)。 其一,對(duì)漢語(yǔ)體貌副詞做了全面的考察,按照它們的體功能把漢語(yǔ)體貌副詞進(jìn)行了分類,并以“已經(jīng)”和“還”為例,詳細(xì)闡釋了“非持續(xù)類”體貌副詞和“持續(xù)類”體貌副詞在[±持續(xù)性]兩種情狀中的極性分布規(guī)律以及梯級(jí)邏輯。 其二,從體貌副詞的語(yǔ)義出發(fā),結(jié)合語(yǔ)境、語(yǔ)用關(guān)聯(lián)等來(lái)探討極性體貌副詞的梯級(jí)邏輯。 其三,修改了Israel關(guān)于yet和anymore的錯(cuò)誤分析,從信息論的角度出發(fā),把Israel的基于量值的梯級(jí)模型提升為基于概率的梯級(jí)模型,并把時(shí)間的參數(shù)加入梯級(jí)模型的運(yùn)算,構(gòu)建了事件的體貌梯級(jí)邏輯。 本文的章節(jié)安排如下： 第一章,介紹體、體貌副詞和體貌副詞的臨時(shí)極性特征。 第二章,針對(duì)本文研究對(duì)象,對(duì)近年來(lái)國(guó)內(nèi)外學(xué)者研究極性體貌副詞的情況進(jìn)行回顧和評(píng)述。 第三章,把Israel的基于量值的梯級(jí)模型提升為基于概率的梯級(jí)模型,構(gòu)建一個(gè)基于概率的事件的體貌梯級(jí)。 第四章,分析“非持續(xù)類”體貌副詞“已經(jīng)”的極性敏感特征。 第五章,分析“持續(xù)類”體貌副詞“還”的極性敏感特征。 第六章,結(jié)語(yǔ),總結(jié)本文的觀點(diǎn)。
[Abstract]:This paper studies the polarity sensitive features of the Chinese appearance adverbs and explores the temporary polarity characteristics of the Chinese polar adverbs (positive and negative words) and the cascade logic that causes this temporary polarity feature. It mainly focuses on the "non continuous" Adverbs "already" and "continuous" Adverbs "return". Sexual characteristics are that they are not polar words, but show different polarity characteristics in different contexts.
In this paper, we find that the "non continuous" adverb and the "continuous" Adverb have the polarity distribution characteristics of the opposite and complementary in the two kinds of love forms, that is, the "non persistent" adverb is used to show positive polarity when used in the [- persistent] love shape, and is negative in the [+ persistent] situation; "continuous" body is a "continuous" body. The appearance adverb presents negative distribution in the [- persistent] love shape, and it presents positive distribution in the [+ persistent] love form; and the "quantified" adverb is not an event itself because the focus of the proposition points to "the length of the event or the number of repetitions", and therefore has no polarity sensitivity.
When the Israel (1998200120042011) cascade model is used to analyze the physical appearance of events, we find that there are some problems in the logical operation of the logical operation of the physical appearance of the event as "the amount of time" as a "quantity value". For example, it is difficult to determine the value of "early and evening", and the cascade logic is also confused and lacks unity. Generality.
This paper holds that the "priori probability of events" and the function relation of information quantity in information theory can better explain the appearance ladder of events. The basic idea of information theory is that the more uncertainty the less probability is, the more information it provides, the greater the amount of information is provided. We use this principle of information theory to modify the value based on Israel. The ladder model is promoted to a cascade model based on probability. The reasoning logic is that if the probability is smaller, the larger event is affirmed, and if the event is larger, the probability of the event is also negative.
In the expression, the priori probability of event occurrence is related to "the length of time" and "expectation". Generally speaking, the shorter the time and the smaller the probability and probability of the exception event in the conventional expectation, the more likely the event will be to maintain the previous state, the longer the time, the greater the chance and probability of the occurrence of the event, the less the event is. It is possible to maintain the original state. In order to gain the emphasis of the emphasis, the emphasis must seek the maximum self information, so they have to describe an event with minimal probability, that is, an event that is extremely unlikely, an event that is very likely to happen. "Already" and "return" are both in the sentence. The effect of gas, the expression of events or states, is unexpected and contrary to expectation. Because of the semantic features of "already" and "return", they lead to the polarity distribution of their opposites in the two types of love forms, which are as follows:
"Already" has the semantic features of [+ change]. Because of the relation of semantic compatibility or not, it presents a positive distribution in the [- persistent] love form, and presents a negative distribution in the [+ persistent] love form. The ladder logic follows is that in the [- persistent] love situation, the less probability events (the states in a shorter time have changed) to evolve. Push all the other events larger than it (the longer the state of the time changes), such as "he will back the Tang poem at the age of three." he can deduce that "he will back the Tang poetry after he is three years old"; in a [+ persistent] love affair, negating the probability of a larger event (the state of the short interval remains earlier) to negate all of it He had a smaller probability than it was (a longer state of the previous state), such as "I had not done this business ten years ago," and it could be known that "I did not do this five years ago."
"Also" has the semantic features of [- change], which presents positive and negative distribution in the [+ persistent] love form, and the ladder logic follows in the [- persistent] love pattern. In the [+ persistent] love situation, the smaller probability events (the events in a long time still remain the previous state) to derive all the other probability than it is larger than it. An event (an event in a shorter time), such as "he is still reading in the middle of the night", can be known, "he must be reading at eight at night"; in a [- persistence] love affair, negating the probability of a larger event (a change in a longer state) to deny the other probability of a smaller event (a shorter state of state). It has changed. If he has not arrived in Shanghai by two o'clock in the afternoon, he can infer that he did not arrive in Shanghai at 1 o'clock in the afternoon.
The theoretical significance of this article is three points.
First, we make a thorough investigation of the Chinese appearance adverbs, classify the Chinese appearance adverbs according to their physical functions, and take "already" and "return" as examples to explain the polarity distribution law of "non continuous" adverbs and the "continuous" adverbs in the two forms of [+ persistence], and the ladder logic.
Secondly, from the semantics of physical adverbs, we discuss the cascade logic of polar adverbs in terms of context and pragmatic relevance.
Thirdly, the error analysis of Israel on yet and anymore is modified. From the point of view of information theory, the cascade model based on the value based value of Israel is upgraded to a cascade model based on probability, and the parameters of the time are added to the operation of the cascade model, and the ladder level logic of the event is built.
The chapters of this article are arranged as follows:
The first chapter introduces the temporary polarity characteristics of body, physical adverbs and body adverbs.
The second chapter, for the purpose of this study, reviews and comments on the research of polar facial adverbs in recent years by scholars at home and abroad.
In the third chapter, the ladder model based on Israel is promoted to a probabilistic ladder model, and a probability based event scale is constructed.
The fourth chapter analyzes the polarity sensitive characteristics of "non continuous" physical adverb "already".
The fifth chapter analyzes the polarity sensitive characteristics of "continuous" body adverb "return".
The sixth chapter, conclusion, summarizes the view of this article.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：復(fù)旦大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2012
【分類號(hào)】：H146

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