發(fā)布時間：2018-05-30 20:37

  本文選題：古藏文 + 語法　； 參考：《中央民族大學(xué)》2012年碩士論文

【摘要】：文獻(xiàn),是人類社會進(jìn)入文明時代的產(chǎn)物,它記錄了人類活動的全部歷史和經(jīng)驗,并伴隨著人類文明的進(jìn)步而不斷發(fā)展。藏族歷來是一個文化發(fā)達(dá)的古老民族之一,從象雄文字的刻石記錄算起,藏族歷史文獻(xiàn)已有三千九百多年的歷史了。吐蕃時期是藏族歷史上最重要的階段,在現(xiàn)有藏文文獻(xiàn)中吐蕃時期的文獻(xiàn)是藏族先民留給我們的最珍貴的文化遺產(chǎn),是藏族傳統(tǒng)歷史文化的核心,其主要內(nèi)容包括：君臣之間、國與國之間的結(jié)盟,著名人物功績、高僧大德的法旨、重大歷史事件及修建寺院宮殿的情況等資料,是研究吐蕃歷史、文化、社會及其語言的第一手資料,自作為吐蕃文獻(xiàn)的重要組成部分敦煌文獻(xiàn)出土后,引起國內(nèi)外很多學(xué)者的關(guān)注,現(xiàn)如今置身于國際藏學(xué)研究之行列中,為這個民族乃至國家的文化發(fā)展而努力奉獻(xiàn)。語言作為交際工具,它的各種成分的存在,有著客觀的合理性,語言理論是從各種語言現(xiàn)象中總結(jié)出來的,反映了語言的本質(zhì),對人們的語言實踐起著指導(dǎo)作用,要求發(fā)生變化的語言形式符合語言規(guī)則也是正確的。 藏語中的縮略現(xiàn)象,可以追溯到很古以前,在吐蕃時期藏文字的出現(xiàn)便產(chǎn)生了縮略現(xiàn)象,它是語言在歷史發(fā)展過程中產(chǎn)生的,它以已有的語言成分為基礎(chǔ)產(chǎn)生的新形式,縮略作為一種語言現(xiàn)象,它本身也有發(fā)展,藏語縮略現(xiàn)象在古藏文中普遍存在,可見吐蕃時期在藏文文字出現(xiàn)不久便產(chǎn)生了詞的縮略現(xiàn)象,并對后期藏族文化的發(fā)展與弘揚(yáng)起了很大的作用,但是令人遺憾的是,縮略作為藏語語法中的重要組成部分,迄今在藏語縮略方面并沒有專門的藏語縮略詞的學(xué)說,仍以梵文中的六大縮略現(xiàn)象為主研究藏語中的縮略現(xiàn)象,從吐蕃時期的文獻(xiàn)可以看出與縮略有統(tǒng)一形式的縮寫也是產(chǎn)生于藏文文字出現(xiàn)不久,例如：“(?)”中的“(?)”(?)”是藏文中的“(?)”“(?)”的縮寫形式。在撰寫這篇論文的過程中,對吐蕃時期的歷史文獻(xiàn)及其有關(guān)的材料和現(xiàn)代藏族文獻(xiàn)進(jìn)行了認(rèn)真的分析和對比其中的縮略現(xiàn)象的異同,以及對古藏文中的縮略詞的探索研究。大量閱讀吐蕃時期的藏文文獻(xiàn),結(jié)合藏語語法研究的相關(guān)理論和方法,進(jìn)行舉例式和分析法的研究古藏文中的縮略現(xiàn)象,以及與縮略同一時期產(chǎn)生的縮寫現(xiàn)象在吐蕃時期的藏文文獻(xiàn)中的運(yùn)用和具體的縮寫法研究。 本篇論文共有兩部分組成,第一部分是本文的緒論部分,第二部分主要分為五個章節(jié),每一章的結(jié)尾有小結(jié)構(gòu)成。 緒論中主要闡述了對古藏文文獻(xiàn)中的縮略詞研究的目的、研究的主要意義、研究的主要內(nèi)容以及目前國內(nèi)外學(xué)者對古藏文中縮略詞的研究現(xiàn)狀進(jìn)行了簡單的介紹。就據(jù)目前的資料來看,縮略詞作為藏語語法研究領(lǐng)域中重要組成部分,很多學(xué)者在研究藏語語法時沒有對藏語縮略專題研究其內(nèi)容,尤其古藏文文獻(xiàn)為主研究其縮略現(xiàn)象的學(xué)術(shù)論文,而在研究藏語縮略方面相關(guān)的文章有：干木滾的《藏語語法中的縮略研究》(中國藏學(xué),1995年第一期)及《淺析藏語語法中格的縮略現(xiàn)象》(西藏研究,1997年第2期)；拉卻加的《詩鏡對藏族文學(xué)發(fā)展的影響》中的第五章從詩歌中對縮略詞的研究(藏學(xué)研究論文叢集第4集)；拉瑪才丹的《梵語語法研究》中的第八章淺談縮略詞(藏學(xué)研究論文叢集第3集)；斗拉布瓊的《從《兄弟教誨錄》的縮寫特點(diǎn)來研究古藏文的縮寫》(西藏研究,2003年第2期)；在以上的研究成果中我們可以看出在藏語語法研究領(lǐng)域中缺乏對縮略詞的專題研究。因此,本文以吐蕃時期的藏族文獻(xiàn)為研究題材,從中研究其語言文字所共有的特點(diǎn)縮略,在古藏文中的運(yùn)用、所起的作用及其弘揚(yáng)的價值。 第二部分主要分為五章： 第一章從內(nèi)容上分析吐蕃時期的藏文文獻(xiàn),并對各文獻(xiàn)的文體形式和修辭手法進(jìn)行了簡單的介紹。古藏文文獻(xiàn)時在時間上是八世紀(jì)到十世紀(jì)的吐蕃時期的藏文文獻(xiàn),在本文中主要有分為：一是敦煌莫高窟中出土的敦煌文獻(xiàn)包括宗教、歷史、政治、經(jīng)濟(jì)、故事、譯文、醫(yī)學(xué)、天文等豐富的內(nèi)容；現(xiàn)存的主要敦煌文獻(xiàn)有P.T(Pelliot tibetan和I.0(India office)現(xiàn)存于法國、日本、印度等國家。二是諾瓊((?))舊城發(fā)現(xiàn)的文獻(xiàn),記載著藏族多年統(tǒng)治新疆地區(qū)時的律法、制度等內(nèi)容。三是吐蕃時期的石碑文,摩崖刻石文,主要是大臣與邦國的詔書、贊普大臣的功績、弘揚(yáng)佛法詔書、吐唐結(jié)盟詔書等刻石形成的。介于以上的三種藏文文獻(xiàn)外還有在十一世紀(jì)左右出現(xiàn)的藏文文獻(xiàn),有著吐蕃時期的文字特點(diǎn)和語言特征的文獻(xiàn)也包括在古藏文中。 第二章中著重分析了古藏文文獻(xiàn)中的縮略詞的發(fā)展與特點(diǎn)以及它產(chǎn)生的原因。雖處在同一時期,但不同的社會群體中的人們在不同的環(huán)境中對詞語有著不同的縮略形式,從而產(chǎn)生了不同的縮略特點(diǎn)。縮略詞是指人們處于求省便的心理、習(xí)性和目的所造成的一種詞語的簡縮形式,它應(yīng)是較長復(fù)雜的詞語的經(jīng)濟(jì)化了的再現(xiàn),縮略詞是在原詞語的基礎(chǔ)上的簡縮。它的發(fā)生和使用,受到特定的交際范圍的制約,不同的交際范圍,及社會環(huán)境,對縮略造成了多方面的影響。語言是全民的,但是,全民的語言對于具體的個人來說,各不相同,處于不同社會分工中的人,形成了不同的行業(yè),不同行業(yè)中的人們?nèi)粘＝佑|的事物各不相同,便出現(xiàn)了不同的行業(yè)特點(diǎn)的用語。語言有區(qū)域性,一個地區(qū)使用的詞語往往與其他地區(qū)不同,通常是在藏語方言在詞匯中的表現(xiàn),處于不同的地域范圍中人們的語言習(xí)慣,會使同一詞語在不同地區(qū)有不同的縮略結(jié)果。同一社會中,不同教育、不同閱歷的人有著不同的知識范圍,這些知識,有的屬于實踐性的,從生活中積累而來；有的即從書本或其他文化傳播中獲得,因此,縮略形式的采用與人的知識范圍也有關(guān)。 第三章中主要闡述了古藏文中的縮略形式,分別從語素的縮略、詞的縮略及詞組的縮略等三方面進(jìn)行了舉例式的分析�？s略是一種語言現(xiàn)象,在使用或書寫過程中不能以人的主觀意識任意縮略,它具有一定的縮略形式和規(guī)律�？s略形式在藏語口語中也是普遍存在,它在口語中用較少的音節(jié)表示本來要用較多音節(jié)表示的意思,縮短交際時間,在書面語中用較少的文字符號來負(fù)載本來要用較多的文字符號負(fù)載的信息,縮小所占的空間,縮略法使詞匯單位縮短長度,使許多不詞大的非詞匯單位變成詞匯單位。 第四章中對藏語縮略和縮寫的區(qū)別與關(guān)聯(lián)進(jìn)行了對比,研究其共同點(diǎn)和不同點(diǎn),從而得出縮略和縮寫都是減少了字?jǐn)?shù),是書寫變得簡便,是復(fù)雜句簡單化的形式,因此不能排除縮略是書寫簡便的一面,與縮寫有共同的特點(diǎn),但從根本上來說,縮略不是基于書寫而是基于言語�？s略與縮寫都產(chǎn)生了簡約的形式,英語中用一個詞來表示,有它的理由,但是,二者之間有著明確的區(qū)別,詞語縮略是說話人在說話時用一個語言形式的部分表達(dá)這個語言形式的全部意義,這是由于語言形式的減少二造成了書寫的減省,或者說是對縮略詞語的記錄造成書寫省便；而在縮寫中,字母是提示原詞的書寫符號,不是從原詞語中選取的語言形式,縮寫所取的字母讀字母音,和它在這個詞中的音值并不要求一致。并且,書面縮寫讀起來,常常并不能是華語簡短。 第五章中主要敘述了古藏文中的縮略詞的作用及縮略詞產(chǎn)生的歷史意義,以及縮略詞對藏族文化產(chǎn)生的影響,在現(xiàn)代藏語研究中縮略詞運(yùn)用狀況以及在未來藏語研究領(lǐng)域中如何加強(qiáng)對縮略詞的運(yùn)用,它對于藏族文化發(fā)展有著重要的作用。一個民族的文化發(fā)展需要與之相應(yīng)的文字,藏族語言和文字形成了現(xiàn)如今國際先進(jìn)文字行列中的藏文化,自十三世紀(jì)印度詩歌學(xué)說傳入藏族文化領(lǐng)域中,對藏族文化在文學(xué)方面有了很大程度上的進(jìn)步,但是,凡事都有它發(fā)展的利與弊,印度詩鏡對于藏族文字藝術(shù)和修辭手法的豐富和發(fā)展起了重要的作用,但在后期很多藏族學(xué)者在文學(xué)創(chuàng)作時
[Abstract]:The literature is the product of the human society entering the age of civilization. It records all the history and experience of human activities, and continues to develop with the progress of human civilization. The Tibetans have always been one of the ancient people with developed culture. From the stone records of the male characters, the Tibetan historical documents have been more than 3900 years old. The Tibetan period is the most important stage in the Tibetan history. In the Tibetan literature, the literature of the Tubo Period is the most precious cultural heritage left to us by the Tibetan ancestors. It is the core of the Tibetan traditional history and culture. Its main contents include: the alliance between the monarch and the minister, the alliance between the state and the state, the achievements of the famous figures, the law of the great monk and the great history, and the great history The information of the events and the construction of the palace of the monastery is the first hand of the study of the history, culture, society and language of the Tubo. Since the unearthed of Dunhuang literature as an important part of the literature of Tubo, many scholars at home and abroad are concerned. Now, it is now placed in the ranks of international Tibetan studies for the culture of this nation and even of the country. As a means of communication, language as a means of communication, the existence of its various components has an objective rationality. Language theory is summed up from various linguistic phenomena, reflecting the essence of language, guiding the language practice of people, and it is correct to meet the rules of language in accordance with the language forms that have changed.
The abbreviation in the Tibetan language can be traced back to the ancient times, and the abbreviation was produced in the Tibetan language during the Tubo Period. It was produced in the course of the historical development of the language. It is a new form of language based on the existing language, abbreviated as a language phenomenon, and it itself has a development, and the Tibetan abbreviation is in the ancient Tibetan language. It can be seen that the Tubo Period produced the abbreviation of the words in the Tibetan language, and played a great role in the development and development of the Tibetan culture. However, it is regrettable that the abbreviation is an important part of the Tibetan grammar. So far, there is no special Tibetan abbreviation theory in Tibetan abbreviation. The six abbreviation in Sanskrit is still the main study of the abbreviation in the Tibetan language. From the literature of the Tubo Period, it can be seen that the abbreviation of a unified form with abbreviations emerged from the appearance of the Tibetan language, for example, "(?)" (?) "" (?) "in the Tibetan language" (?) "" (?) "in the writing of this paper. The history of the Tubo Period, the related materials and the modern Tibetan literature have been carefully analyzed and compared, and the similarities and differences of the abbreviations in the Tibetan language, as well as the exploration and study of the abbreviations in the ancient Tibetan language. A large number of reading Tibetan literature during the Tubo Period, and the related theories and methods of Tibetan language study, are used to carry out an example and to carry out an example. The analysis of the abbreviation in the ancient Tibetan language and the application of the abbreviation in the Tibetan literature during the Tubo Period with the abbreviation and the specific abbreviation method.
This paper is composed of two parts. The first part is the introduction of this article. The second part is divided into five chapters. Each chapter concludes with a summary.
In the introduction, the purpose of the study of abbreviations in the ancient Tibetan literature, the main significance of the study, the main content of the study, and the current research status of the abbreviations in the ancient Tibetan language were briefly introduced. Many scholars have not studied Tibetan abbreviation in the study of Tibetan grammar, especially the academic papers on the abbreviation of Tibetan language, and the related articles in the study of Tibetan abbreviations include: the abbreviations in the Tibetan grammar, the Chinese Tibetan studies, the first phase of 1995, and the elementary analysis of the Tibetan grammar in the Tibetan grammar. Abbreviations > (Tibet research, second 1997); the impact of La qua's "poetic mirror on the development of Tibetan Literature" > fifth chapters in the study of abbreviations from poetry (the collection of studies in Tibetan studies fourth sets); the eighth chapters of the Sanskrit grammar study of Raman's "Sanskrit grammar" (the collection of studies in Tibetan studies, third episodes); The abbreviation of the brotherhood is the abbreviation of the ancient Tibetan language (Tibet study, the second period of 2003); in the above research results we can see that there is a lack of special research on the abbreviations in the Tibetan grammar research field. Therefore, this paper studies the Tibetan Literature in Tubo Period as the subject of research, and studies the common language of the Tibetan language. Features, abbreviation, application in ancient Tibetan language, its role and value.
The second part is divided into five chapters.
The first chapter analyzes the Tibetan Literature in the Tubo Period from the content, and briefly introduces the style and rhetorical devices of the literature. The ancient Tibetan literature was the Tibetan literature of the Tubo Period from eighth Century to tenth Century. In this article, the first is the Dunhuang documents unearthed from Mogao Grottoes in Dunhuang, including religion, Historical, political, economic, stories, translations, translations, medicine, astronomy, and so on; the main existing Dunhuang literature is P.T (Pelliot Tibetan and I.0 (India Office) existing in France, Japan, India and other countries. Two is the literature found in the old city of Norman ((?)), containing the laws and regulations of the Tibetan people during the years of Xinjiang, and the three is Tubo. The stone inscriptions and cliff inscriptions in the period are mainly the imperial edicts of the ministers and State States, the achievements of the chancellor, the imperial edict, the imperial edict of Tang Dynasty, and other inscriptions of the Tang Dynasty. The Tibetan literature, which appeared in the three Tibetan literature above in the Eleventh Century, is also included in the literature of the characters and language characteristics of the Tubo Period. In the ancient Tibetan language.
The second chapter focuses on the analysis of the development and characteristics of the abbreviations in the ancient Tibetan literature and the reasons for it. Although at the same time, people in different social groups have different abbreviations in different environments and thus produce different abbreviations. The contraction of a word caused by the habit and purpose, it should be the economic reappearance of a long and complex word. The abbreviation is a contraction based on the original word. Its occurrence and use, restricted by the specific scope of communication, the different scope of communication, and the social environment, have many effects on abbreviation. All the people, but the language of the whole people is different to the specific individual. People in different social divisions have formed different industries. People in different industries have different daily contacts. They have different trade characteristics. Language is regional, and the words used in one area are often with other places. Different areas, usually in the expression of the Tibetan dialect in the vocabulary, the language habits of people in different geographical areas, will make the same words in different regions with different abbreviations. In the same society, people with different education and different experiences have different scope of knowledge, and some of them are practical and accumulate from life. Some come from books or other cultural transmission, so the adoption of abbreviation is also related to the scope of human knowledge.
The third chapter mainly expounds the abbreviation form in the ancient Tibetan language, which is analyzed from three aspects of the abbreviation of the morpheme, the abbreviation of the word and the abbreviation of the phrase. The abbreviation is a linguistic phenomenon, which can not be abbreviated arbitrarily by the subjective consciousness of the human in the process of use or writing. It has a certain abbreviation form and law. It is also common in Tibetan spoken language. It uses less syllables to express the meaning of more syllables, shorten the time of communication, and use fewer characters to load the information loaded with more written symbols in written language, reduce the space occupied by the abbreviation method, shorten the length of the lexical unit and make it possible to shorten the length of the vocabulary. More than a large non lexical unit becomes a lexical unit.
The fourth chapter compares the difference and correlation between the abbreviation and the abbreviation of the Tibetan language, and studies its common points and different points, and thus draws the conclusion that abbreviations and abbreviations are both simplified and simple forms of the complex sentences. Therefore, the abbreviation is a simple and simple aspect of the writing, and it has common characteristics with abbreviations, but fundamentally, Abbreviation is not based on writing but based on speech. Abbreviation and abbreviation produce a simple form. There is a reason for it in English. However, there is a clear distinction between the two, and the abbreviation is the whole meaning of the speaker's expression of the language in the form of a language in the speech. A decrease of two in the form of a word causes the reduction of writing, or the recording of abbreviations causing handwriting; in abbreviations, the letter is a writing symbol indicating the original word, not the language form selected from the original word, the alphabet taken by the abbreviation, and the sound value in the word, and the written contraction. In writing, it is often not short of Chinese.
The fifth chapter mainly describes the role of abbreviations in ancient Tibetan and the historical significance of abbreviations, as well as the influence of abbreviations on Tibetan culture, the application of abbreviations in the study of modern Tibetan language and how to strengthen the use of abbreviations in the field of Tibetan study in the future. It is important for the development of Tibetan culture. The cultural development of a nation needs the corresponding text. The Tibetan language and writing have formed the Tibetan culture in the ranks of the international advanced characters. Since the introduction of the India poetry theory to the Tibetan culture in the thirteenth Century, the Tibetan culture has made great progress in the literature of Tibetan culture, but all things have its development. India poetry has played an important role in enriching and developing Tibetan characters' art and rhetoric, but in the later years, many Tibetan scholars were doing literary works.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：中央民族大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2012
【分類號】：H214

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