本文選題：虛擬運動 + 視覺主體��； 參考：《南京大學(xué)》2012年碩士論文

【摘要】：虛擬運動的研究是認知語言學(xué)與心理語言學(xué)中一個相對較新的話題。語言學(xué)家Talmy最早注意到這個有趣的現(xiàn)象,他注意揭示語言與感知系統(tǒng)的共同點,并且指出,對同一個物體,人的腦海中會產(chǎn)生兩種不同的認識：一種是真實的,一種是虛擬的�！疤摂M”這個詞被用來指代人的認知想象能力,換句話說,虛擬運動就是人們想象出的物體的位移。其他學(xué)者如langacker, Mastumoto和Matlock等也對虛擬運動作出過解釋。 Talmy在他的理論框架下對虛擬運動做出了較為詳細的描述和解釋,以往對虛擬運動表達的分類多以他的框架為基礎(chǔ),按照路徑的不同進行劃分。但這種描述性分類概括性不足,將其直接移植到漢語的分析中值得商榷。認知語法在認知操作過程方面的解釋力更勝一籌。Langacker指出,虛擬運動代表了一種通過對客觀場景的主觀識解而引起的語義轉(zhuǎn)變,進而分析了一些語法化現(xiàn)象。人們通過主觀識解,可以將一些直接經(jīng)驗抽離出來,并且將它們運用到其他事物的理解上。虛擬運動的產(chǎn)生就是由于人們將運動的經(jīng)驗移植到對靜止事物的理解中。 本文根據(jù)視覺主體,視覺客體,以及視覺主體的視線的不同狀態(tài)對虛擬運動表達進行了分類。虛擬運動表達可以歸類為三種情況：一、視覺主體客觀上運動；二、視覺主體的視線運動(此種類型又分為兩種情況：一是視覺主體和客體保持不動,主體視線跟隨一個想象出的物體運動；二是靜止的視覺客體被想象為運動的物體)；三、視覺主體本身和其視線同時運動。在此分類的基礎(chǔ)上,本文對有關(guān)道路的虛擬運動表達進行了探究。通過英漢語料庫的對比,兩種語言在道路虛擬運動表達方面的異同點得以顯現(xiàn)。在第一類中,兩種語言有相似的限制。但是,在數(shù)量和分布方面,二者展示出了不同的特點。首先,英語中有關(guān)道路的虛擬運動表達遠遠多于漢語；其次,漢語的道路虛擬表達在第二類的第二種情況和第三類中沒有出現(xiàn),而英語在每一類都有相應(yīng)的表達；再次,在英語的道路虛擬運動表達中,一些動詞的出現(xiàn)頻率遠遠高于其他動詞,而漢語則分布相對平均。 對于這些異同點,本文做出了相應(yīng)的解釋。虛擬運動的產(chǎn)生來源于人們對世界的主觀識解,因此,它在英語和漢語中的普遍存在是非常合理的,漢語語料中發(fā)現(xiàn)的例子證明了漢語虛擬運動表達的存在。識解的主觀化是虛擬運動表達存在的基礎(chǔ),英漢虛擬在語料中的普遍存在證明了虛擬運動表達并不局限于某種語言。而對于第一類虛擬運動表達中英語和漢語所共有的限制,可以從格式塔心理學(xué)的角度來解釋。小的、完整的、運動的物體容易被當(dāng)做圖形,而大的、不完整的、靜止的物體容易被當(dāng)做背景。在某種情況下,人們付出認知努力可以扭轉(zhuǎn)這種認識,但是,當(dāng)背景足夠大時,這種轉(zhuǎn)變不易產(chǎn)生。英語和漢語在第二類和第三類虛擬運動表達中所展現(xiàn)出的不同可能是由于漢語使用者和英語使用者在掃描方式上有差別。英語使用者比漢語使用者更多地采用了順序掃描的方式,因而他們的虛擬運動表達更加豐富。而也因如此,一些動詞被經(jīng)常的運用在虛擬運動表達中,進而被固定下來,成為特定的表達,產(chǎn)生本義之外的含義。這解釋了為何在英語道路虛擬運動中,某些動詞的頻率遠遠高于其他動詞。而在漢語中,由于虛擬運動出現(xiàn)的頻率相對較低,一些表達未固化,因而動詞的分布的差異不像英語那樣明顯。 對于道路虛擬運動的研究只是虛擬運動研究的一部分,并不能全面展示英語和漢語在虛擬運動表達上的異同。但是,它為以后的研究提供了素材,也為一些翻譯和二語習(xí)得方面的研究提供了幫助。
[Abstract]:The study of virtual motion is a relatively new topic in cognitive linguistics and psycholinguistics. Linguist Talmy first noticed this interesting phenomenon. He noticed the common point of language and perception, and pointed out that there are two different kinds of understanding in the brain of the same object: one is real, one is Virtual. The word "virtual" is used to refer to the cognitive imagination of people. In other words, virtual motion is the displacement of the objects that people imagine. Other scholars, such as Langacker, Mastumoto, and Matlock, have also explained the virtual movement.
Talmy has made a more detailed description and explanation of the virtual movement under his theoretical framework. The previous classification of the expression of virtual motion is based on his framework and divided according to the different paths. But this descriptive classification is short of generality, and it is questionable to transplant it directly into Chinese analysis. Cognitive grammar is in cognitive exercise. The explanatory power of the process is better than.Langacker points out that the virtual movement represents a semantic change caused by the subjective understanding of the objective scene, and then analyzes some grammaticalization phenomena. Through subjective understanding, people can draw out some direct experiences and apply them to the understanding of other things. The emergence of quasi motion is due to the transfer of experience in motion to the understanding of still things.
This paper classifies the expression of virtual motion according to the different states of visual subject, visual object and visual subject. The expression of virtual motion can be classified into three situations: one, the objective motion of the visual subject; two, the vision motion of the visual subject (this type is divided into two situations: one is the visual subject and the object guarantee. " Holding, the main line of sight follows an imaginary object movement; two is a static visual object being imagined as a moving object); three, the visual subject itself and its line of sight are simultaneously moving. On the basis of this classification, this article explores the expression of the virtual motion of the road. Through the comparison of Chinese and English materials, the two languages are in the road. There are similarities and differences in the expression of the road virtual movement. In the first category, the two languages have similar limitations. However, the two show different characteristics in terms of quantity and distribution. First, the expression of virtual motion in English is far more than that in Chinese; secondly, the virtual expression of the Chinese language in the second categories of the second cases. And there is no appearance in the third class, but English is expressed in every category. Again, in the expression of English Road virtual motion, the frequency of some verbs is much higher than that of other verbs, while Chinese is relatively average.
As for these similarities and differences, this paper makes a corresponding explanation. The creation of virtual motion is derived from the subjective understanding of the world. Therefore, its universal existence in English and Chinese is very reasonable. The examples found in Chinese language materials prove the existence of the expression of virtual motion in Chinese. The subjectivying of understanding is the existence of virtual motion expression. The universal existence of English and Chinese fictitious language proves that the expression of virtual motion is not limited to a certain language. The limitations of English and Chinese in the first kind of virtual motion expression can be explained from the perspective of Gestalt psychology. Small, complete, moving objects are easy to be treated as graphics, but large and incomplete. In some cases, people pay a cognitive effort to reverse this understanding, but when the background is large enough, this transformation is not easy to produce. The difference in the expression of English and Chinese in the second and third types of virtual movements can be attributed to the scanning of the Chinese and English users. There are differences in the way. English speakers use more sequential scans than Chinese users, thus their virtual movement is more abundant. And so, some verbs are often used in the expression of virtual motion, which are fixed, become specific expressions, and produce meaning outside the meaning. This explains why In English Road virtual movement, the frequency of some verbs is much higher than that of other verbs. In Chinese, the frequency of the virtual movement is relatively low and some of the expressions are not solidified, so the difference of the distribution of verbs is not as obvious as that in English.
The study of road virtual movement is only part of the research of virtual motion, and it can not fully demonstrate the similarities and differences between English and Chinese in the expression of virtual motion. However, it provides material for future research, and also provides help for some translation and two language acquisition.

【學(xué)位授予單位】：南京大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2012
【分類號】：H04

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本文編號：1876266