本文選題：“反恐”話語　切入點(diǎn)：意識形態(tài)　出處：《上海外國語大學(xué)》2012年博士論文　論文類型：學(xué)位論文

【摘要】：“9·11事件”后，世界話語轉(zhuǎn)向了“反恐”敘事。學(xué)者們從不同視角解讀“9·11事件”、“反恐”斗爭及“反恐”話語。十年后的今天，雖然“基地組織”的“精神領(lǐng)袖”及恐怖襲擊的策劃者本·拉登被擊斃，然而，他的死亡并未意味著反恐斗爭的結(jié)束。對“9·11事件”、“反恐”斗爭的本質(zhì)及“反恐”話語的意識形態(tài)研究仍是全球范圍內(nèi)社會科學(xué)領(lǐng)域的熱議話題。本文從批評性話語分析（CDA）視角，尤其是從社會建構(gòu)主義視角探討“反恐”話語的意識形態(tài)，，旨在揭示“反恐”話語中話語、權(quán)勢及意識形態(tài)之關(guān)系，話語如何在意識形態(tài)介入下建構(gòu)社會現(xiàn)實(shí)、社會身份及知識信仰體系。 批評性話語分析自英國語言學(xué)家R. Fowler于1979年在《語言與控制》一書中首次提出，至今業(yè)已形成該領(lǐng)域研究陣營中多學(xué)科多角度的研究模式，如，批評性語言學(xué)（CL）、Van Dijk的社會認(rèn)知法（SCA）、Ruth Wodak的語篇?dú)v史分析法（DHA）、Van Leeuwen的社會角色表達(dá)法（SAA）、Norman Fairclough的辨證關(guān)系法（DRA）。盡管方法不同，但其主旨都是研究語言、權(quán)力及意識形態(tài)之間的關(guān)系。Fairclough（1989,1992,1995）指出話語是社會實(shí)踐，作為意識形態(tài)介入和權(quán)力斗爭的場所，話語組成并建構(gòu)社會現(xiàn)實(shí)、主體地位、自我、知識和信仰，參與并促進(jìn)社會變遷。Fairclough認(rèn)為CDA不僅要揭示語言、權(quán)力及意識形態(tài)之關(guān)系，還要說明話語在當(dāng)代社會與文化變遷中的作用。Fairclough的理論主張使他成為Lancaster社會變遷學(xué)派的代表人物。Fairclough的理論及分析框架被學(xué)者們廣泛應(yīng)用于分析政治語篇的意識形態(tài)。 本文在Fairclough的建構(gòu)主義話語觀啟示下，提出從社會建構(gòu)主義視角探討“反恐”話語的必要性和可行性。指出“恐怖主義”、“9·11事件”、“美國權(quán)勢地位”等社會現(xiàn)實(shí)是意識形態(tài)話語建構(gòu)的結(jié)果。本文對美國前總統(tǒng)喬治·布什和奧巴馬總統(tǒng)最具代表性的“反恐”話語的動態(tài)性社會實(shí)踐進(jìn)行多視角批評性分析，揭示美國總統(tǒng)“反恐”話語的使用策略及意識形態(tài)之建構(gòu)功能。意識形態(tài)介入到話語的各個層面參與社會實(shí)踐(Faircough,1992a:48)。本文從詞匯層、語法層、語篇層、語用層等多視角描寫及闡釋“反恐”話語使用策略及意識形態(tài)建構(gòu)過程。在詞匯層面，探討語詞、再次詞匯化、隱喻、過度詞匯化；在語法層面，探討及物性系統(tǒng)、情態(tài)、語氣；在語篇層面，探討銜接；在語用層面，探討言語行為、(不)禮貌、互文性（包括話語描述、預(yù)設(shè)及互為話語性）。 本研究的主要發(fā)現(xiàn)： 1.理論方面，本文在對CDA及Fairclough理論作出細(xì)致研究基礎(chǔ)上指出該理論的特點(diǎn)及存在的不足。其一，CDA將語言學(xué)與社會學(xué)相結(jié)合，拓寬了語言研究視野。由于CDA是社會取向的語言研究，具有交叉學(xué)科的特征，因此在研究方法上缺乏一貫統(tǒng)一的研究模式。其二，CDA揭示話語隱藏的意識形態(tài)及權(quán)力不平等、權(quán)力濫用等現(xiàn)象，忽視了話語動態(tài)性社會建構(gòu)的實(shí)質(zhì)性內(nèi)涵研究。其三，CDA代表人物Fairclough多次重申建構(gòu)主義話語觀，但其并未充分體現(xiàn)在他的三維話語闡釋及分析框架中。至此其建構(gòu)主義話語觀未得到充分理解與詮釋。本文提出意識形態(tài)話語模型及分析框架，突出話語、意識形態(tài)及權(quán)力等概念動態(tài)性交互作用關(guān)系，并在此基礎(chǔ)上嘗試性分析“反恐”話語意識形態(tài)之建構(gòu)功能。 2.語料分析發(fā)現(xiàn)如下： （1）從詞匯層面看，“反恐”話語通過詞匯策略，如，語詞、再次詞匯化、過度詞匯化表達(dá)，建構(gòu)“我們/他們”沖突對立框架，其中包括“價值觀沖突”、“文明沖突”、“9·11前/后不同世界”(“我們”指美國及美聯(lián)盟，“他們”指拉登及恐怖組織等)，等。建構(gòu)美國“世界警察”及“法律之上”的社會身份及權(quán)勢地位。在隱喻表達(dá)方面，建構(gòu)“戰(zhàn)爭框架”，通過概念映射，二戰(zhàn)和冷戰(zhàn)做為源域，映射到目的域“9·11事件”，法西斯等作為源域，映射到目的域“9·11事件”襲擊者，將“9·11事件”建構(gòu)為“9·11戰(zhàn)爭”。 （2）從語法層面看，語法策略，如，目的驅(qū)使結(jié)構(gòu)與手段驅(qū)使結(jié)構(gòu)的選擇具有意識形態(tài)意義。目的驅(qū)使結(jié)構(gòu)的使用建構(gòu)美國反恐行動“報復(fù)”目的及“強(qiáng)權(quán)勢力”；手段驅(qū)使結(jié)構(gòu)建構(gòu)恐怖分子“低權(quán)勢”地位。及物性轉(zhuǎn)換發(fā)揮至關(guān)重要作用，其中名物化表達(dá)“威脅”、“襲擊”，建構(gòu)“恐怖”意識形態(tài)。被動化結(jié)構(gòu)建構(gòu)美國在“9·11事件”中“受害者”身份。情態(tài)意義及語氣建構(gòu)美國“自信”和“權(quán)勢”。 （3）從語篇層面看，語篇銜接手段凸顯美國在“反恐”斗爭中的實(shí)力和“團(tuán)結(jié)”的價值觀。 （4）從語用層面看，“反恐”話語利用多種言語行為為美國“權(quán)勢地位”的建構(gòu)及反恐意識形態(tài)動機(jī)的實(shí)現(xiàn)提供理據(jù)。如低情態(tài)陳述類言語行為建構(gòu)客觀事實(shí)，增強(qiáng)說服力；表達(dá)類言語行為建構(gòu)與“我們”友善關(guān)系，謀求反恐戰(zhàn)爭支持，等。建構(gòu)美國“強(qiáng)權(quán)勢力”、“知識信仰體系”還通過以下話語實(shí)踐策略實(shí)現(xiàn)：（不）禮貌言語行為、話語引述及預(yù)設(shè)策略。最后，話語秩序研究表明“反恐”話語是表層敘事風(fēng)格與深層辯論及對話等多重語類交織的結(jié)果，新的話語秩序是意識形態(tài)建構(gòu)的產(chǎn)物。 研究結(jié)果表明，布什及奧巴馬總統(tǒng)的話語使用策略和在“反恐”問題上的意識形態(tài)保持一致。意識形態(tài)作用下的美國總統(tǒng)“反恐”話語建構(gòu)“我們/他們”之間的沖突世界為美國反恐戰(zhàn)爭行為提供理據(jù)�！胺纯帧痹捳Z在建構(gòu)世界和推動社會變遷中發(fā)揮重要的作用。 本研究具有一定的理論與實(shí)踐意義。理論方面，對現(xiàn)有批評性話語分析研究方法進(jìn)行評價性回顧的基礎(chǔ)上，指出前期相關(guān)研究方法及概念闡釋上的不足，進(jìn)而提出社會建構(gòu)主義視角下的話語模型及分析框架，并嘗試性從多視角描寫與闡釋“反恐”話語動態(tài)性意識形態(tài)建構(gòu)功能，豐富并深化該領(lǐng)域的研究。實(shí)踐方面，本文從社會建構(gòu)主義視角分析“反恐”話語意識形態(tài)，為“反恐”實(shí)質(zhì)性內(nèi)涵提供不同解讀視角。本研究還為政治語篇的語言結(jié)構(gòu)和社會功能研究提供一定參考價值。
[Abstract]:"9 / 11", the world turned to the "anti-terrorism" narrative discourse. Scholars from different perspective "9 / 11", "anti-terrorism struggle and" anti-terrorism "words. Ten years later, although the Ben La planner Al Qaeda" and "spiritual leader" and the terrorist attacks were published killed, however, his death does not mean the end of the fight against terrorism. "9 / 11", "terrorism" against nature and "anti-terrorism" discourse ideology research is still a worldwide hot topic in the field of social science. This paper from critical discourse analysis (CDA) perspective, especially on "terrorism" the discourse of ideology from social constructivist perspective, aims to reveal the discourse of "anti-terrorism" discourse, power and ideology, discourse on how to construct the social reality in ideology, social identity and belief system.
Critical discourse analysis from the British linguist R. Fowler in 1979 in "language and control" a book for the first time put forward, has already formed the research model, research camp in the field of multi-disciplinary perspective such as critical linguistics (CL), Van Dijk's social cognitive method (SCA), Ruth Wodak historical discourse analysis (DHA), Van Leeuwen (SAA) expression of social roles, the dialectical relationship between Norman Fairclough (DRA) method. Although the method is different, but the purpose is to study the relationship between language, power and ideology of.Fairclough (198919921995) pointed out that discourse is a social practice, as the ideology and power struggles in place, discourse and the construction of social reality, subjectivity, self, knowledge and belief, participate in and promote social change that.Fairclough CDA should not only reveal the relationship between language, power and ideology, but also illustrate the discourse in Contemporary The role of.Fairclough in social and cultural change has made him the representative of the Lancaster School of social change..Fairclough's theory and analytical framework have been widely applied to analyze the ideology of political discourse.
Based on the constructivism concept of enlightenment discourse Fairclough, proposes the necessity and feasibility of "anti-terrorism" discourse from social constructivism perspective. It points out that "terrorism", "9 / 11", "the power" and other social reality is the ideological discourse construction result. The former US President George Bush and President Obama the most representative of the "anti-terrorism" discourse of the dynamic social practice of multi angle critical analysis, construct use strategy and ideology function to reveal the president of the United States "anti-terrorism" discourse. The ideology involved in all aspects of the discourse of participation in social practice (Faircough, 1992a:48). The grammar from the lexical layer, layer, layer of discourse pragmatic perspectives, description and interpretation of "anti-terrorism" discourse use strategy and ideology construction process. At the lexical level of words, words again, metaphor, At the grammatical level, we discuss transitivity system, modality and mood; discuss cohesion in discourse level; at the pragmatic level, we discuss speech acts, (not polite), intertextuality (including discourse description, presupposition and utterance).
The main findings of this study are as follows:
The 1. aspect of theory, this paper points out that the features of the theory and problems in making detailed research based on CDA and Fairclough theory. Firstly, CDA combines linguistics and sociology, broaden the language research field. Because CDA is the language of social orientation, has the characteristics of interdisciplinary research, so the lack of model always unified in research methods. Secondly, CDA reveals the hidden ideology and power discourse inequality, the phenomenon of abuse of power, neglecting the study of substantive connotation construction of discourse dynamic society. Third, CDA representative Fairclough reiterated a constructivist view of discourse, but it is not fully reflected in his three-dimensional discourse interpretation and analysis in the framework of the constructivist view of discourse. This has not been fully understanding and interpretation. In this paper, the ideological discourse model and analysis framework, highlight the discourse, ideology and power etc. On the basis of this, it tries to analyze the construction function of "anti terrorism" discourse ideology on this basis.
The analysis of the 2. corpus is found as follows:
(1) from the lexical level, "anti-terrorism" discourse through vocabulary strategies, such as words, again lexicalization, overlexicalization expression, construction of "US / them" conflict framework, including the conflict of values, "the clash of Civilizations", "9 - 11 (before / after different world" "we" refers to the United States and the United States alliance, "they" refers to Laden and other terrorist organizations, etc.). The construction of the "World Police" and "law" social status and power status. In the translation of metaphor, the construction of "war framework", through concept mapping, World War II and the cold war as the source domain mapping. To the destination domain "9 - 11 incident", France as the source domain and target domain is mapped to the "9 / 11" attack, "9 / 11" construction of "9 - 11" war.
(2)浠庤娉曞眰闈㈢湅,璇硶絳栫暐,濡

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