本文選題：“反恐”話語(yǔ)　切入點(diǎn)：意識(shí)形態(tài)　出處：《上海外國(guó)語(yǔ)大學(xué)》2012年博士論文　論文類型：學(xué)位論文

【摘要】：“9·11事件”后，世界話語(yǔ)轉(zhuǎn)向了“反恐”敘事。學(xué)者們從不同視角解讀“9·11事件”、“反恐”斗爭(zhēng)及“反恐”話語(yǔ)。十年后的今天，雖然“基地組織”的“精神領(lǐng)袖”及恐怖襲擊的策劃者本·拉登被擊斃，然而，他的死亡并未意味著反恐斗爭(zhēng)的結(jié)束。對(duì)“9·11事件”、“反恐”斗爭(zhēng)的本質(zhì)及“反恐”話語(yǔ)的意識(shí)形態(tài)研究仍是全球范圍內(nèi)社會(huì)科學(xué)領(lǐng)域的熱議話題。本文從批評(píng)性話語(yǔ)分析（CDA）視角，尤其是從社會(huì)建構(gòu)主義視角探討“反恐”話語(yǔ)的意識(shí)形態(tài)，，旨在揭示“反恐”話語(yǔ)中話語(yǔ)、權(quán)勢(shì)及意識(shí)形態(tài)之關(guān)系，話語(yǔ)如何在意識(shí)形態(tài)介入下建構(gòu)社會(huì)現(xiàn)實(shí)、社會(huì)身份及知識(shí)信仰體系。 批評(píng)性話語(yǔ)分析自英國(guó)語(yǔ)言學(xué)家R. Fowler于1979年在《語(yǔ)言與控制》一書中首次提出，至今業(yè)已形成該領(lǐng)域研究陣營(yíng)中多學(xué)科多角度的研究模式，如，批評(píng)性語(yǔ)言學(xué)（CL）、Van Dijk的社會(huì)認(rèn)知法（SCA）、Ruth Wodak的語(yǔ)篇?dú)v史分析法（DHA）、Van Leeuwen的社會(huì)角色表達(dá)法（SAA）、Norman Fairclough的辨證關(guān)系法（DRA）。盡管方法不同，但其主旨都是研究語(yǔ)言、權(quán)力及意識(shí)形態(tài)之間的關(guān)系。Fairclough（1989,1992,1995）指出話語(yǔ)是社會(huì)實(shí)踐，作為意識(shí)形態(tài)介入和權(quán)力斗爭(zhēng)的場(chǎng)所，話語(yǔ)組成并建構(gòu)社會(huì)現(xiàn)實(shí)、主體地位、自我、知識(shí)和信仰，參與并促進(jìn)社會(huì)變遷。Fairclough認(rèn)為CDA不僅要揭示語(yǔ)言、權(quán)力及意識(shí)形態(tài)之關(guān)系，還要說(shuō)明話語(yǔ)在當(dāng)代社會(huì)與文化變遷中的作用。Fairclough的理論主張使他成為L(zhǎng)ancaster社會(huì)變遷學(xué)派的代表人物。Fairclough的理論及分析框架被學(xué)者們廣泛應(yīng)用于分析政治語(yǔ)篇的意識(shí)形態(tài)。 本文在Fairclough的建構(gòu)主義話語(yǔ)觀啟示下，提出從社會(huì)建構(gòu)主義視角探討“反恐”話語(yǔ)的必要性和可行性。指出“恐怖主義”、“9·11事件”、“美國(guó)權(quán)勢(shì)地位”等社會(huì)現(xiàn)實(shí)是意識(shí)形態(tài)話語(yǔ)建構(gòu)的結(jié)果。本文對(duì)美國(guó)前總統(tǒng)喬治·布什和奧巴馬總統(tǒng)最具代表性的“反恐”話語(yǔ)的動(dòng)態(tài)性社會(huì)實(shí)踐進(jìn)行多視角批評(píng)性分析，揭示美國(guó)總統(tǒng)“反恐”話語(yǔ)的使用策略及意識(shí)形態(tài)之建構(gòu)功能。意識(shí)形態(tài)介入到話語(yǔ)的各個(gè)層面參與社會(huì)實(shí)踐(Faircough,1992a:48)。本文從詞匯層、語(yǔ)法層、語(yǔ)篇層、語(yǔ)用層等多視角描寫及闡釋“反恐”話語(yǔ)使用策略及意識(shí)形態(tài)建構(gòu)過程。在詞匯層面，探討語(yǔ)詞、再次詞匯化、隱喻、過度詞匯化；在語(yǔ)法層面，探討及物性系統(tǒng)、情態(tài)、語(yǔ)氣；在語(yǔ)篇層面，探討銜接；在語(yǔ)用層面，探討言語(yǔ)行為、(不)禮貌、互文性（包括話語(yǔ)描述、預(yù)設(shè)及互為話語(yǔ)性）。 本研究的主要發(fā)現(xiàn)： 1.理論方面，本文在對(duì)CDA及Fairclough理論作出細(xì)致研究基礎(chǔ)上指出該理論的特點(diǎn)及存在的不足。其一，CDA將語(yǔ)言學(xué)與社會(huì)學(xué)相結(jié)合，拓寬了語(yǔ)言研究視野。由于CDA是社會(huì)取向的語(yǔ)言研究，具有交叉學(xué)科的特征，因此在研究方法上缺乏一貫統(tǒng)一的研究模式。其二，CDA揭示話語(yǔ)隱藏的意識(shí)形態(tài)及權(quán)力不平等、權(quán)力濫用等現(xiàn)象，忽視了話語(yǔ)動(dòng)態(tài)性社會(huì)建構(gòu)的實(shí)質(zhì)性內(nèi)涵研究。其三，CDA代表人物Fairclough多次重申建構(gòu)主義話語(yǔ)觀，但其并未充分體現(xiàn)在他的三維話語(yǔ)闡釋及分析框架中。至此其建構(gòu)主義話語(yǔ)觀未得到充分理解與詮釋。本文提出意識(shí)形態(tài)話語(yǔ)模型及分析框架，突出話語(yǔ)、意識(shí)形態(tài)及權(quán)力等概念動(dòng)態(tài)性交互作用關(guān)系，并在此基礎(chǔ)上嘗試性分析“反恐”話語(yǔ)意識(shí)形態(tài)之建構(gòu)功能。 2.語(yǔ)料分析發(fā)現(xiàn)如下： （1）從詞匯層面看，“反恐”話語(yǔ)通過詞匯策略，如，語(yǔ)詞、再次詞匯化、過度詞匯化表達(dá)，建構(gòu)“我們/他們”沖突對(duì)立框架，其中包括“價(jià)值觀沖突”、“文明沖突”、“9·11前/后不同世界”(“我們”指美國(guó)及美聯(lián)盟，“他們”指拉登及恐怖組織等)，等。建構(gòu)美國(guó)“世界警察”及“法律之上”的社會(huì)身份及權(quán)勢(shì)地位。在隱喻表達(dá)方面，建構(gòu)“戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)框架”，通過概念映射，二戰(zhàn)和冷戰(zhàn)做為源域，映射到目的域“9·11事件”，法西斯等作為源域，映射到目的域“9·11事件”襲擊者，將“9·11事件”建構(gòu)為“9·11戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)”。 （2）從語(yǔ)法層面看，語(yǔ)法策略，如，目的驅(qū)使結(jié)構(gòu)與手段驅(qū)使結(jié)構(gòu)的選擇具有意識(shí)形態(tài)意義。目的驅(qū)使結(jié)構(gòu)的使用建構(gòu)美國(guó)反恐行動(dòng)“報(bào)復(fù)”目的及“強(qiáng)權(quán)勢(shì)力”；手段驅(qū)使結(jié)構(gòu)建構(gòu)恐怖分子“低權(quán)勢(shì)”地位。及物性轉(zhuǎn)換發(fā)揮至關(guān)重要作用，其中名物化表達(dá)“威脅”、“襲擊”，建構(gòu)“恐怖”意識(shí)形態(tài)。被動(dòng)化結(jié)構(gòu)建構(gòu)美國(guó)在“9·11事件”中“受害者”身份。情態(tài)意義及語(yǔ)氣建構(gòu)美國(guó)“自信”和“權(quán)勢(shì)”。 （3）從語(yǔ)篇層面看，語(yǔ)篇銜接手段凸顯美國(guó)在“反恐”斗爭(zhēng)中的實(shí)力和“團(tuán)結(jié)”的價(jià)值觀。 （4）從語(yǔ)用層面看，“反恐”話語(yǔ)利用多種言語(yǔ)行為為美國(guó)“權(quán)勢(shì)地位”的建構(gòu)及反恐意識(shí)形態(tài)動(dòng)機(jī)的實(shí)現(xiàn)提供理?yè)?jù)。如低情態(tài)陳述類言語(yǔ)行為建構(gòu)客觀事實(shí)，增強(qiáng)說(shuō)服力；表達(dá)類言語(yǔ)行為建構(gòu)與“我們”友善關(guān)系，謀求反恐戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)支持，等。建構(gòu)美國(guó)“強(qiáng)權(quán)勢(shì)力”、“知識(shí)信仰體系”還通過以下話語(yǔ)實(shí)踐策略實(shí)現(xiàn)：（不）禮貌言語(yǔ)行為、話語(yǔ)引述及預(yù)設(shè)策略。最后，話語(yǔ)秩序研究表明“反恐”話語(yǔ)是表層敘事風(fēng)格與深層辯論及對(duì)話等多重語(yǔ)類交織的結(jié)果，新的話語(yǔ)秩序是意識(shí)形態(tài)建構(gòu)的產(chǎn)物。 研究結(jié)果表明，布什及奧巴馬總統(tǒng)的話語(yǔ)使用策略和在“反恐”問題上的意識(shí)形態(tài)保持一致。意識(shí)形態(tài)作用下的美國(guó)總統(tǒng)“反恐”話語(yǔ)建構(gòu)“我們/他們”之間的沖突世界為美國(guó)反恐戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)行為提供理?yè)?jù)�！胺纯帧痹捳Z(yǔ)在建構(gòu)世界和推動(dòng)社會(huì)變遷中發(fā)揮重要的作用。 本研究具有一定的理論與實(shí)踐意義。理論方面，對(duì)現(xiàn)有批評(píng)性話語(yǔ)分析研究方法進(jìn)行評(píng)價(jià)性回顧的基礎(chǔ)上，指出前期相關(guān)研究方法及概念闡釋上的不足，進(jìn)而提出社會(huì)建構(gòu)主義視角下的話語(yǔ)模型及分析框架，并嘗試性從多視角描寫與闡釋“反恐”話語(yǔ)動(dòng)態(tài)性意識(shí)形態(tài)建構(gòu)功能，豐富并深化該領(lǐng)域的研究。實(shí)踐方面，本文從社會(huì)建構(gòu)主義視角分析“反恐”話語(yǔ)意識(shí)形態(tài)，為“反恐”實(shí)質(zhì)性內(nèi)涵提供不同解讀視角。本研究還為政治語(yǔ)篇的語(yǔ)言結(jié)構(gòu)和社會(huì)功能研究提供一定參考價(jià)值。
[Abstract]:"9 / 11", the world turned to the "anti-terrorism" narrative discourse. Scholars from different perspective "9 / 11", "anti-terrorism struggle and" anti-terrorism "words. Ten years later, although the Ben La planner Al Qaeda" and "spiritual leader" and the terrorist attacks were published killed, however, his death does not mean the end of the fight against terrorism. "9 / 11", "terrorism" against nature and "anti-terrorism" discourse ideology research is still a worldwide hot topic in the field of social science. This paper from critical discourse analysis (CDA) perspective, especially on "terrorism" the discourse of ideology from social constructivist perspective, aims to reveal the discourse of "anti-terrorism" discourse, power and ideology, discourse on how to construct the social reality in ideology, social identity and belief system.
Critical discourse analysis from the British linguist R. Fowler in 1979 in "language and control" a book for the first time put forward, has already formed the research model, research camp in the field of multi-disciplinary perspective such as critical linguistics (CL), Van Dijk's social cognitive method (SCA), Ruth Wodak historical discourse analysis (DHA), Van Leeuwen (SAA) expression of social roles, the dialectical relationship between Norman Fairclough (DRA) method. Although the method is different, but the purpose is to study the relationship between language, power and ideology of.Fairclough (198919921995) pointed out that discourse is a social practice, as the ideology and power struggles in place, discourse and the construction of social reality, subjectivity, self, knowledge and belief, participate in and promote social change that.Fairclough CDA should not only reveal the relationship between language, power and ideology, but also illustrate the discourse in Contemporary The role of.Fairclough in social and cultural change has made him the representative of the Lancaster School of social change..Fairclough's theory and analytical framework have been widely applied to analyze the ideology of political discourse.
Based on the constructivism concept of enlightenment discourse Fairclough, proposes the necessity and feasibility of "anti-terrorism" discourse from social constructivism perspective. It points out that "terrorism", "9 / 11", "the power" and other social reality is the ideological discourse construction result. The former US President George Bush and President Obama the most representative of the "anti-terrorism" discourse of the dynamic social practice of multi angle critical analysis, construct use strategy and ideology function to reveal the president of the United States "anti-terrorism" discourse. The ideology involved in all aspects of the discourse of participation in social practice (Faircough, 1992a:48). The grammar from the lexical layer, layer, layer of discourse pragmatic perspectives, description and interpretation of "anti-terrorism" discourse use strategy and ideology construction process. At the lexical level of words, words again, metaphor, At the grammatical level, we discuss transitivity system, modality and mood; discuss cohesion in discourse level; at the pragmatic level, we discuss speech acts, (not polite), intertextuality (including discourse description, presupposition and utterance).
The main findings of this study are as follows:
The 1. aspect of theory, this paper points out that the features of the theory and problems in making detailed research based on CDA and Fairclough theory. Firstly, CDA combines linguistics and sociology, broaden the language research field. Because CDA is the language of social orientation, has the characteristics of interdisciplinary research, so the lack of model always unified in research methods. Secondly, CDA reveals the hidden ideology and power discourse inequality, the phenomenon of abuse of power, neglecting the study of substantive connotation construction of discourse dynamic society. Third, CDA representative Fairclough reiterated a constructivist view of discourse, but it is not fully reflected in his three-dimensional discourse interpretation and analysis in the framework of the constructivist view of discourse. This has not been fully understanding and interpretation. In this paper, the ideological discourse model and analysis framework, highlight the discourse, ideology and power etc. On the basis of this, it tries to analyze the construction function of "anti terrorism" discourse ideology on this basis.
The analysis of the 2. corpus is found as follows:
(1) from the lexical level, "anti-terrorism" discourse through vocabulary strategies, such as words, again lexicalization, overlexicalization expression, construction of "US / them" conflict framework, including the conflict of values, "the clash of Civilizations", "9 - 11 (before / after different world" "we" refers to the United States and the United States alliance, "they" refers to Laden and other terrorist organizations, etc.). The construction of the "World Police" and "law" social status and power status. In the translation of metaphor, the construction of "war framework", through concept mapping, World War II and the cold war as the source domain mapping. To the destination domain "9 - 11 incident", France as the source domain and target domain is mapped to the "9 / 11" attack, "9 / 11" construction of "9 - 11" war.
(2)浠庤娉曞眰闈㈢湅,璇硶絳栫暐,濡

本文編號(hào)：1576280