【摘要】：20世紀(jì)70年代以來,全球性的生產(chǎn)與協(xié)作成為了經(jīng)濟(jì)全球化的重要特征,國(guó)際分工從產(chǎn)業(yè)間、產(chǎn)業(yè)內(nèi)深化到產(chǎn)品內(nèi)部。原先集中于一國(guó)或一個(gè)地區(qū)生產(chǎn)的產(chǎn)品被分割到不同的國(guó)家或地區(qū)進(jìn)行,即產(chǎn)生了全球的分割化生產(chǎn),每一個(gè)國(guó)家可以專業(yè)生產(chǎn)某一零部件或產(chǎn)品的某階段。分割化生產(chǎn)的出現(xiàn)體現(xiàn)著國(guó)際分工從產(chǎn)品層面向產(chǎn)品工序、零部件層面的進(jìn)一步細(xì)化,改變了世界原先的貿(mào)易流向。許多發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家將研發(fā)設(shè)計(jì)、關(guān)鍵零部件的生產(chǎn)以及銷售等高附加值的核心環(huán)節(jié)保留在國(guó)內(nèi)進(jìn)行,將其他勞動(dòng)密集度高、附加值低的生產(chǎn)環(huán)節(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移至其他國(guó)家或地區(qū),各個(gè)國(guó)家通過發(fā)揮自身的比較優(yōu)勢(shì)和要素稟賦參與不同生產(chǎn)區(qū)段或零部件的生產(chǎn)供應(yīng)活動(dòng)以獲取利潤(rùn)。以Feenstra(1998)提到的芭比娃娃的生產(chǎn)過程為例,由美國(guó)完成芭比娃娃的設(shè)計(jì)以及模具和染料的生產(chǎn),制造設(shè)備來自于日本和歐洲,頭發(fā)和塑料等材料來自于日本和臺(tái)灣,棉質(zhì)衣服來自于中國(guó),最后在中國(guó)大陸的工廠內(nèi)進(jìn)行組裝。另外在這種分割化生產(chǎn)方式下,美國(guó)的棉花被運(yùn)輸?shù)街袊?guó),作為中國(guó)生產(chǎn)棉布的原材料,馬來西亞和日本從中國(guó)進(jìn)口塑料,進(jìn)一步生產(chǎn)成紐扣和拉鏈等等。根據(jù)Hummels等人2001年的研究,國(guó)際分割化生產(chǎn)的比例從1970年到1995年增長(zhǎng)了40%左右。 隨著生產(chǎn)區(qū)段的分割程度不斷增大,對(duì)聯(lián)結(jié)和協(xié)調(diào)各個(gè)生產(chǎn)區(qū)段的生產(chǎn)性服務(wù)的需求種類和數(shù)量也逐漸增多。分割化生產(chǎn)促使諸如金融、保險(xiǎn)、通訊服務(wù)、數(shù)據(jù)處理、技術(shù)服務(wù)、咨詢服務(wù)、廣告等新興生產(chǎn)性服務(wù)業(yè)的迅速崛起與發(fā)展。經(jīng)濟(jì)全球化的背景下,各國(guó)政府也紛紛出臺(tái)促進(jìn)服務(wù)貿(mào)易發(fā)展的政策,客觀上為全球生產(chǎn)性服務(wù)貿(mào)易進(jìn)一步增長(zhǎng)創(chuàng)造了條件。目前,生產(chǎn)性服務(wù)貿(mào)易在世界服務(wù)貿(mào)易額中的比重已經(jīng)超過一半,由1999年的28.2%上升到2007年的51.8%。根據(jù)Jones and Kierzkowski的生產(chǎn)段與生產(chǎn)性服務(wù)鏈理論,國(guó)際分割化生產(chǎn)與生產(chǎn)性服務(wù)貿(mào)易的發(fā)展之間存在確定的因果關(guān)系,參與國(guó)際分割化生產(chǎn)的程度越高,對(duì)生產(chǎn)性服務(wù)貿(mào)易的需求拉動(dòng)效應(yīng)越明顯。以美國(guó)的國(guó)際分割化生產(chǎn)為例,從2000年到2011年美國(guó)中間產(chǎn)品貿(mào)易進(jìn)出口總額由10441.3257億美元上升到19243.0597億美元,同期帶動(dòng)的運(yùn)輸、金融、信息咨詢、技術(shù)研發(fā)等生產(chǎn)性服務(wù)貿(mào)易增長(zhǎng)近1.5倍。 從中國(guó)的情況來看,因其自身?yè)碛袆趧?dòng)力與資源優(yōu)勢(shì),多以加工貿(mào)易的方式參與國(guó)際分工。根據(jù)相關(guān)數(shù)據(jù)顯示：十一五期間,中國(guó)的加工貿(mào)易額由2006年的8319億美元增加到2010年的1.16萬億美元,占中國(guó)進(jìn)出口貿(mào)易總額的48.55%。同期,中國(guó)服務(wù)貿(mào)易進(jìn)出口總額從1917.5億美元增長(zhǎng)到3624.2億美元,增幅達(dá)89%,其中服務(wù)出口由914億美元增長(zhǎng)到1702億美元,增幅達(dá)86.21%,年均增長(zhǎng)21.55%。與此同時(shí),服務(wù)貿(mào)易出口世界排名上升到第四位。然而從貿(mào)易結(jié)構(gòu)上來看,運(yùn)輸、旅游等傳統(tǒng)型服務(wù)貿(mào)易的出口在服務(wù)貿(mào)易總出口中仍然占有相當(dāng)大的比重,而金融、保險(xiǎn)、計(jì)算機(jī)和信息服務(wù)、通訊服務(wù)等高附加值的出口貿(mào)易額僅僅占生產(chǎn)性服務(wù)貿(mào)易出口總額的7.6%。另外結(jié)合貨物貿(mào)易發(fā)展情況,2011年中國(guó)服務(wù)貿(mào)易進(jìn)出口總額只占貨物貿(mào)易的12.5%,比全球平均水平低10%。這些都說明中國(guó)的生產(chǎn)性服務(wù)貿(mào)易的國(guó)際競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力還有待于提高,服務(wù)貿(mào)易結(jié)構(gòu)有待于優(yōu)化。 學(xué)者們一方面關(guān)心國(guó)際分工對(duì)一國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)的貢獻(xiàn),同時(shí)也關(guān)心服務(wù)貿(mào)易對(duì)經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展的支撐,而隨著經(jīng)濟(jì)全球化以及經(jīng)濟(jì)系統(tǒng)間各個(gè)現(xiàn)象的聯(lián)系日益緊密,生產(chǎn)與服務(wù)相互融合的趨勢(shì)加強(qiáng),需要更加關(guān)注國(guó)際分割化生產(chǎn)與生產(chǎn)性服務(wù)貿(mào)易之間的關(guān)系。中國(guó)參與國(guó)際分割化生產(chǎn)的程度對(duì)本國(guó)的生產(chǎn)性服務(wù)貿(mào)易發(fā)展有何種影響,對(duì)不同種類的生產(chǎn)性服務(wù)貿(mào)易的作用大小有何差異,這種差異背后的原因是什么,這些都是值得進(jìn)一步深入研究的問題。 本研究旨在立足于中國(guó)的發(fā)展現(xiàn)狀,運(yùn)用規(guī)范分析和實(shí)證分析,從總體和行業(yè)兩個(gè)層面,分別闡明中國(guó)的國(guó)際分割化生產(chǎn)對(duì)生產(chǎn)性服務(wù)貿(mào)易發(fā)展的作用。并且通過與美國(guó)的比較總結(jié)自身發(fā)展中的不足,學(xué)習(xí)發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家的經(jīng)驗(yàn),為進(jìn)一步提升自身的國(guó)際分工地位和生產(chǎn)性服務(wù)行業(yè)的國(guó)際競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力,以及構(gòu)建“中國(guó)制造”與生產(chǎn)性服務(wù)貿(mào)易良好互動(dòng)發(fā)展關(guān)系,提出相應(yīng)建議。因此,本文各章節(jié)主要內(nèi)容如下： 第一章為緒論部分。首先介紹本文的研究背景、意義以及研究思路、方法；其次,對(duì)文章中涉及到的國(guó)際分割化生產(chǎn)以及生產(chǎn)性服務(wù)貿(mào)易等相關(guān)概念進(jìn)行說明；再次為國(guó)際分割化生產(chǎn)對(duì)生產(chǎn)性服務(wù)貿(mào)易影響的文獻(xiàn)綜述。 第二章提出Jones and Kierzkowski的生產(chǎn)段與生產(chǎn)性服務(wù)理論作為文章的理論基礎(chǔ),并基于JK模型闡述國(guó)際分割化生產(chǎn)對(duì)生產(chǎn)性服務(wù)貿(mào)易的影響機(jī)制。 第三章為中國(guó)的國(guó)際分割化生產(chǎn)與生產(chǎn)性服務(wù)貿(mào)易發(fā)展的情況,并將其與美國(guó)的情況做比較,為下文的進(jìn)一步比較分析做鋪墊。 第四章是中國(guó)的國(guó)際分割化生產(chǎn)對(duì)生產(chǎn)性服務(wù)貿(mào)易總量影響的實(shí)證分析。本章在前文理論和概括分析的基礎(chǔ)上,采用中國(guó)與美國(guó)1998-2011年中間產(chǎn)品貿(mào)易以及生產(chǎn)性服務(wù)貿(mào)易的時(shí)間序列數(shù)據(jù),運(yùn)用回歸方法和比較分析的方法闡述了中國(guó)的國(guó)際分割化生產(chǎn)對(duì)生產(chǎn)性服務(wù)貿(mào)易總量的影響。 第五章是中國(guó)的國(guó)際分割化生產(chǎn)對(duì)生產(chǎn)性服務(wù)貿(mào)易結(jié)構(gòu)影響的實(shí)證分析。本章采用中國(guó)與美國(guó)2002-2011年的中間產(chǎn)品貿(mào)易以及生產(chǎn)性服務(wù)貿(mào)易的面板數(shù)據(jù),以及中美20個(gè)制造業(yè)的面板數(shù)據(jù),對(duì)其進(jìn)行回歸分析,將運(yùn)用回歸方法和比較分析的方法闡述了中國(guó)的國(guó)際分割化生產(chǎn)對(duì)生產(chǎn)性服務(wù)貿(mào)易結(jié)構(gòu)的影響。 第六章是研究結(jié)論和政策建議。本章根據(jù)實(shí)證結(jié)果的對(duì)比，從提升國(guó)際分工地位和生產(chǎn)性服務(wù)業(yè)國(guó)際競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力兩個(gè)角度總結(jié)了中國(guó)的分割化生產(chǎn)對(duì)生產(chǎn)性服務(wù)貿(mào)易拉動(dòng)效應(yīng)不明顯的原因；接著在借鑒美國(guó)成功經(jīng)驗(yàn)做法的基礎(chǔ)上,就如何進(jìn)一步提升中國(guó)國(guó)際分工地位,加快中國(guó)生產(chǎn)性服務(wù)貿(mào)易發(fā)展,充分發(fā)揮中國(guó)國(guó)際分割化生產(chǎn)對(duì)生產(chǎn)性服務(wù)貿(mào)易的影響作用提出了相應(yīng)的政策建議。 本文的創(chuàng)新之處在于：首先,以往針對(duì)國(guó)際分割化生產(chǎn)對(duì)生產(chǎn)性服務(wù)貿(mào)易作用的研究大多只基于宏觀的視角,很少有學(xué)者對(duì)行業(yè)細(xì)分的層面深層闡述,本文分別從總量和行業(yè)兩個(gè)層面進(jìn)行了研究；其次,本文運(yùn)用比較分析的方法,選取美國(guó)作為發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家的代表并以此為參照對(duì)象,也是作者的一次大膽嘗試和探索。 本文的最終結(jié)論是：第一,國(guó)際分割化生產(chǎn)對(duì)生產(chǎn)性服務(wù)貿(mào)易有確定的拉動(dòng)作用。在不同的國(guó)家,這種拉動(dòng)效應(yīng)會(huì)因參與分割化生產(chǎn)的程度不同、制造業(yè)在全球價(jià)值鏈生產(chǎn)中所處的分工地位不同、生產(chǎn)性服務(wù)業(yè)的國(guó)際競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力不同而有所差別。第二,在同一國(guó)家內(nèi)部,這種拉動(dòng)效應(yīng)的大小與國(guó)內(nèi)制造業(yè)和生產(chǎn)性服務(wù)自身的要素密集度屬性有關(guān)。但無論是總體規(guī)模層面還是行業(yè)層面,由于在國(guó)際分工中處于價(jià)值鏈生產(chǎn)的低端,導(dǎo)致能拉動(dòng)的生產(chǎn)性服務(wù)貿(mào)易數(shù)量與種類極其有限。中國(guó)遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)落后于美國(guó)。第三,中國(guó)的生產(chǎn)性服務(wù)貿(mào)易總體增長(zhǎng)較快,但是存在結(jié)構(gòu)失衡的問題。尤其是知識(shí)、資本、技術(shù)密集型的現(xiàn)代生產(chǎn)性服務(wù)業(yè)的國(guó)際競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力還遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)落后于國(guó)際水平,導(dǎo)致服務(wù)成本過高,能承接的生產(chǎn)性服務(wù)數(shù)量有限。當(dāng)然,本文在寫作過程中可能會(huì)有理論深度不夠、實(shí)證模型不夠完善等問題,將在以后的研究中不斷擴(kuò)展與修正。
[Abstract]:Since the 1970s, global production and cooperation have become an important feature of economic globalization. International division of labor has deepened from inter-industry to intra-industry. Products originally produced in one country or region have been divided into different countries or regions, that is to say, global division of production has emerged, each country can The emergence of partitioned production reflects the international division of labor from the product level to the product process, the further refinement of the component level, changed the world's original trade flow. Many developed countries will research and design, the production of key components and sales of high value-added core links to protect. Stay at home and transfer other labor-intensive, low value-added production links to other countries or regions. Each country makes a profit by taking advantage of its comparative advantage and factor endowment to participate in the production and supply activities of different production areas or parts. Take the production process of Barbie dolls mentioned in Feenstra (1998) for example. Barbie dolls are designed in the United States and molds and dyes are produced in Japan and Europe, hair and plastics are made in Japan and Taiwan, cotton clothes are made in China, and finally assembled in factories in mainland China. China, as a raw material for cotton cloth production in China, Malaysia and Japan imported plastics from China, further producing buttons and zippers, etc. According to Hummels et al. in 2001, the proportion of international fragmented production increased by about 40% from 1970 to 1995.
With the increasing degree of division of production sectors, the types and quantities of productive services needed to link and coordinate production sectors are also increasing. Separated production promotes the rapid rise and development of emerging producer services such as finance, insurance, communications services, data processing, technical services, consulting services, advertising and so on. Under the background of globalization, governments have introduced policies to promote the development of service trade, which objectively created conditions for further growth of global productive service trade. Zkowski's theory of production segment and productive service chain shows that there is a definite causal relationship between international fragmented production and the development of productive service trade. The total import and export volume of intermediate products increased from 1044.1357 billion US dollars to 192.305 billion US dollars, and the trade in transport, finance, information consultation, technology research and development and other productive services increased nearly 1.5 times over the same period.
According to relevant data, during the 11th Five-Year Plan period, China's processing trade increased from 83.19 billion US dollars in 2006 to 1.16 trillion US dollars in 2010, accounting for 48.55% of China's total import and export trade. The total import and export volume of trade in services increased from 191.75 billion US dollars to 362.42 billion US dollars, an increase of 89%. The export of services increased from 91.4 billion US dollars to 170.2 billion US dollars, an increase of 86.21% and an average annual growth of 21.55%. Meanwhile, the export of services rose to the fourth place in the world. However, from the perspective of trade structure, the traditional service trade such as transportation and tourism rose to the fourth place. Easy exports still account for a considerable proportion of total exports of services, while high value-added exports such as finance, insurance, computer and information services, and communications services account for only 7.6% of total exports of productive services. The international competitiveness of China's productive trade in services needs to be improved and the structure of trade in services needs to be optimized.
Scholars, on the one hand, are concerned about the contribution of international division of labor to a country's economic growth, on the other hand, about the support of trade in services for economic development. With the economic globalization and the increasingly close links between various phenomena in the economic system, the trend of integration of production and services has strengthened, and more attention needs to be paid to the international division of production and productive services. What is the influence of China's participation in international fragmented production on the development of productive service trade in China, and what are the differences in the effects of different types of productive service trade, and what are the reasons behind these differences, are all questions worthy of further study.
Based on the current situation of China's development, this study uses normative analysis and empirical analysis to clarify the role of China's international fragmented production in the development of productive service trade from both the overall and industrial levels, and summarizes the shortcomings of China's own development by comparing with the United States, learning from the experience of developed countries, to further raise the issue. The main contents of this paper are as follows:1. To enhance the international division of labor status and the international competitiveness of productive service industries, and to construct a good interactive relationship between "Made in China" and productive service trade.
The first chapter is the introduction. First, it introduces the research background, significance, research ideas and methods. Secondly, it explains the related concepts of international fragmented production and producer services trade. Thirdly, it gives a literature review of the impact of international fragmented production on producer services trade.
Chapter two puts forward Jones and Kierzkowski's theory of production segment and productive service as the theoretical basis of the article, and expounds the influence mechanism of international fragmented production on productive service trade based on JK model.
The third chapter is about the development of China's international fragmented production and trade in productive services, and compares it with the situation of the United States, paving the way for further comparative analysis.
Chapter Four is an empirical analysis of the impact of China's international fragmented production on the total volume of producer services trade.On the basis of the previous theoretical and general analysis, this chapter uses the time series data of intermediate products trade and producer services trade between China and the United States from 1998 to 2011, and uses regression method and comparative analysis method to expound. The impact of international fragmentation on the total volume of producer services.
Chapter 5 is an empirical analysis of the impact of China's international fragmented production on the structure of producer services trade.This chapter uses the panel data of intermediate products trade and producer services trade between China and the United States from 2002 to 2011, and the panel data of 20 manufacturing industries in China and the United States to make regression analysis. The method of analysis illustrates the impact of China's international fragmentation on the structure of producer services.
Chapter 6 is the conclusion and policy suggestion. Based on the comparison of the empirical results, this chapter summarizes the reasons why the pull effect of China's fragmented production on producer service trade is not obvious from the perspective of enhancing the status of international division of labor and the international competitiveness of producer service industry. How to further enhance China's position in international division of labor, speed up the development of China's productive service trade, and give full play to the impact of China's international division of production on productive service trade?
The innovation of this paper lies in: firstly, most of the previous studies on the effect of international fragmented production on productive service trade are based on the macro perspective, and few scholars have elaborated on the level of industry segmentation in depth. This paper studies from the two levels of aggregate and industry respectively; secondly, this paper uses the method of comparative analysis to select. As a representative of developed countries and as a reference object, the United States is also a bold attempt and exploration by the author.
The final conclusions of this paper are as follows: Firstly, international fragmented production has a definite pulling effect on producer services trade. In different countries, this pulling effect will vary with the degree of participation in fragmented production, the position of division of labor in global value chain production of manufacturing industry is different, and the international competitiveness of producer services is different. Secondly, within the same country, the magnitude of this pull effect is related to the factor-intensive nature of domestic manufacturing and productive services. However, both the overall scale level and the industry level, due to the low-end value chain production in the international division of labor, lead to the number and variety of productive services trade can be pulled extremely. China lags far behind the United States. Third, China's total growth in productive services trade is relatively rapid, but there is structural imbalance. In particular, the international competitiveness of knowledge, capital and technology-intensive modern producer services is still far behind the international level, resulting in high service costs and the number of productive services that can be undertaken. Of course, in the process of writing this paper may have theoretical depth is not enough, empirical model is not perfect and other issues, will continue to expand and revise in future research.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：西南財(cái)經(jīng)大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2013
【分類號(hào)】：F752.68

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