本文選題：思維漫游　切入點(diǎn)：正念冥想　出處：《西南大學(xué)》2017年碩士論文　論文類(lèi)型：學(xué)位論文

【摘要】：思維漫游(Mind Wandering,MW)是一種常見(jiàn)的現(xiàn)象,被認(rèn)為是與任務(wù)無(wú)關(guān)的想法,思維漫游時(shí)注意從外部任務(wù)轉(zhuǎn)移到內(nèi)部。本研究采用持續(xù)注意任務(wù)(Sustained Attention to Response Task,SART)范式,但是本范式?jīng)]有探究元意識(shí)或元認(rèn)知對(duì)思維漫游的影響,所以我們?cè)诮?jīng)典持續(xù)注意任務(wù)的基礎(chǔ)上增加了元意識(shí)或元認(rèn)知的成分,即整個(gè)任務(wù)過(guò)程中被試意識(shí)到自己的注意從當(dāng)前任務(wù)發(fā)生轉(zhuǎn)移(產(chǎn)生思維漫游)就立即進(jìn)行按鍵反應(yīng),我們把改進(jìn)的實(shí)驗(yàn)范式稱(chēng)為元意識(shí)持續(xù)注意范式(meta-awareness SART,MSART),本范式可以盡可能多的獲取思維漫游片段,既能根據(jù)被試的內(nèi)省報(bào)告也可以使用探測(cè)獲取。本研究中我們把通過(guò)被試元意識(shí)獲取的思維漫游片段稱(chēng)為元意識(shí)思維漫游(meta-awareness mind wandering),把通過(guò)探測(cè)獲取的思維漫游片段稱(chēng)為被動(dòng)思維漫游(passive mind wandering)。正念有著深厚的歷史淵源,融合了佛學(xué)禪修、醫(yī)學(xué)和心理學(xué)思想。正念冥想是一種以正念技術(shù)為核心的冥想練習(xí)方法,正念冥想訓(xùn)練強(qiáng)調(diào)全身心的活在當(dāng)下,關(guān)注此時(shí)此刻的體驗(yàn),是一種自由開(kāi)放的意識(shí)關(guān)注過(guò)程,倡導(dǎo)以開(kāi)放接受的態(tài)度主動(dòng)關(guān)注痛苦體驗(yàn)。研究發(fā)現(xiàn)正念冥想不僅可以有效改善抑郁、焦慮等情緒問(wèn)題,改善睡眠狀況,提高注意和記憶,還可以緩解輕度認(rèn)知障礙等神經(jīng)退行性疾病等。本研究包括兩個(gè)實(shí)驗(yàn)研究,研究一和研究二分別探討了思維漫游時(shí)生理機(jī)制和正念冥想對(duì)思維漫游影響的潛在生理機(jī)制。研究一:探討元意識(shí)思維漫游和探測(cè)到被動(dòng)思維漫游的生理機(jī)制以及兩種思維漫游生理機(jī)制的差異。通過(guò)論壇或廣告方式招募41名被試,在完成元意識(shí)持續(xù)注意任務(wù)的過(guò)程中記錄事件相關(guān)電位(event-related potentials,ERPs)數(shù)據(jù)。心理測(cè)量量表包括中文版本的五因素正念量表(Five-Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire,FFMQ)、狀態(tài)-特質(zhì)焦慮量表(State-Trait Anxiety Inventory,STAI)和Beck抑郁問(wèn)卷(Beck Depression Inventory,BDI)。重復(fù)測(cè)量方差分析發(fā)現(xiàn)元意識(shí)思維漫游時(shí)中央?yún)^(qū)(central),時(shí)間窗為130-160ms的N1成分的振幅顯著下降,但是中央?yún)^(qū),時(shí)間窗為190-230ms的P2成分的振幅顯著增加,暗示元意識(shí)思維漫游時(shí)被試的注意轉(zhuǎn)移了當(dāng)前的任務(wù)。在探測(cè)到的被動(dòng)思維漫游漫游時(shí),時(shí)間窗為350-450ms的P300成分的振幅呈現(xiàn)顯著的下降。結(jié)合我們的研究結(jié)果,我們認(rèn)為元意識(shí)的確參與到思維漫游的過(guò)程,謹(jǐn)慎地認(rèn)為元意識(shí)可能與ERP的早期成分有關(guān),而探測(cè)到的被動(dòng)思維漫游與ERP的晚期成分有關(guān),元意識(shí)到的思維漫游和探測(cè)到的被動(dòng)思維漫游有不同的潛在生理機(jī)制。研究二:探討正念冥想是否可以減少思維漫游,提高警覺(jué)性,以及正念冥想對(duì)思維漫游影響的潛在生理機(jī)制。采用2(組別:實(shí)驗(yàn)組和對(duì)照組)×2(時(shí)間:前測(cè)和后測(cè))的混合實(shí)驗(yàn)設(shè)計(jì),通過(guò)論壇或廣告方式招募35名被試,隨機(jī)分配到實(shí)驗(yàn)組和對(duì)照組,實(shí)驗(yàn)組為20人,對(duì)照組為15人。實(shí)驗(yàn)范式為元意識(shí)持續(xù)注意范式和思維警覺(jué)性(Psychomotor vigilance test,PVT)測(cè)試,PVT在MSART之前完成,被試完成MSART的過(guò)程中記錄ERP數(shù)據(jù)。心理測(cè)量量表包括中文版本的五因素正念量表、狀態(tài)-特質(zhì)焦慮量表、Beck抑郁問(wèn)卷和自我和諧量表。首先對(duì)心理測(cè)量結(jié)果進(jìn)行2(時(shí)間:前測(cè)和后測(cè))×2(組別:實(shí)驗(yàn)組和對(duì)照組)重復(fù)測(cè)量方差分析,時(shí)間作為被試內(nèi)變量,組別為被試間變量。結(jié)果顯示:正念五因素量表總分的交互作用(時(shí)間×組別)顯著,進(jìn)一步簡(jiǎn)單效應(yīng)分析顯示實(shí)驗(yàn)組后測(cè)得分顯著大于前測(cè)得分。然后又對(duì)FFMQ的各個(gè)因子進(jìn)行重復(fù)測(cè)量方差分析,結(jié)果顯示不判斷的交互作用顯著,進(jìn)一步的簡(jiǎn)單效應(yīng)分析顯示實(shí)驗(yàn)組后測(cè)得分顯著高于前測(cè)得分;觀察和描述因子在時(shí)間上的主效應(yīng)顯著,采用配對(duì)樣本t檢驗(yàn)發(fā)現(xiàn)觀察因子和描述因子的實(shí)驗(yàn)組后測(cè)得分顯著大于前測(cè)得分。狀態(tài)焦慮(SAI)的交互作用顯著,進(jìn)一步簡(jiǎn)單效應(yīng)分析發(fā)現(xiàn)對(duì)照組的后測(cè)得分顯著大于前測(cè);特質(zhì)焦慮(TAI)的交互作用呈邊緣顯著,簡(jiǎn)單效應(yīng)分析顯示實(shí)驗(yàn)組的后測(cè)得分顯著小于前測(cè)。貝克抑郁(BDI)和自我和諧(SCCS)均沒(méi)有顯著變化。然后又對(duì)元意識(shí)思維漫游、被動(dòng)思維漫游和總思維漫游次數(shù)以及PVT的反應(yīng)時(shí)進(jìn)行重復(fù)測(cè)量方差分析,結(jié)果顯示元意識(shí)思維漫游時(shí)時(shí)間和組別的交互作用顯著,簡(jiǎn)單效應(yīng)分析顯示實(shí)驗(yàn)組后測(cè)的元意識(shí)思維漫游次數(shù)顯著小于前測(cè),被動(dòng)思維漫游沒(méi)有發(fā)現(xiàn)此效應(yīng),但是總的思維漫游次數(shù)時(shí)間和組別的交互作用顯著,而且實(shí)驗(yàn)組后測(cè)顯著小于前測(cè)。重復(fù)測(cè)量方差分析結(jié)果顯示PVT反應(yīng)時(shí)的時(shí)間和組別的交互作用顯著,簡(jiǎn)單效應(yīng)分析顯示實(shí)驗(yàn)組的后測(cè)反應(yīng)時(shí)顯著小于前測(cè),而對(duì)照組反應(yīng)時(shí)沒(méi)有顯著變化。重復(fù)測(cè)量方差分析顯示實(shí)驗(yàn)組被試后測(cè)枕葉區(qū)N2成分(180-220 ms)的平均振幅顯著大于前測(cè)N2振幅,對(duì)照組N2成分的平均振幅沒(méi)有顯著變化。重復(fù)測(cè)量方差分析顯示在中央?yún)^(qū)電極點(diǎn)失匹配負(fù)波(mismatch negativity,MMN)的平均振幅(100-150 ms)在時(shí)間上的主效應(yīng)顯著,配對(duì)樣本t檢驗(yàn)顯示實(shí)驗(yàn)組后測(cè)的MMN的振幅顯著大于前測(cè),而對(duì)照組MMN的平均振幅沒(méi)有顯著變化。結(jié)合研究結(jié)果我們發(fā)現(xiàn),正念冥想可以顯著減少思維漫游,提高警覺(jué)性,N2和MMN可能是正念冥想減少思維漫游或提高注意力的潛在的生理機(jī)制。結(jié)合研究一和研究二的結(jié)果,我們認(rèn)為元意識(shí)確實(shí)參與到思維漫游的過(guò)程中,且獲取方式不同的思維漫游間的生理機(jī)制也不同,而且正念冥想可以顯著減少思維漫游,提高注意力和警覺(jué)性,N2和MMN可能是正念冥想影響思維漫游的潛在生理機(jī)制。
[Abstract]:Thinking (Mind Wandering, MW roaming) is a common phenomenon, and is considered to be task independent thinking, thinking when roaming attention from external to internal task. This study used a sustained attention task (Sustained Attention to Response Task, SART) paradigm, but this paradigm does not explore the influence on metacognitive awareness or element thinking of roaming, so we based on a sustained attention task on the increase of Yuan awareness or meta cognitive components, i.e. the task is in the process of trying to realize shift their attention from the current task (thinking roaming) immediately through the key reaction, we have improved the experimental paradigm called metaconsciousness sustained attention paradigm (meta-awareness SART, MSART), this model can obtain as much thinking roaming fragments, can according to the introspective reports can also be used to detect. In this study we have By thinking of roaming subjects acquired consciousness element fragments called Yuan consciousness (meta-awareness mind wandering), roaming through the thinking gets called roaming fragment detection (passive mind wandering roaming passive thinking). Mindfulness has a profound historical origin, fusion of Buddhist meditation, medicine and psychology is a kind of mindfulness meditation. In mindfulness meditation practice as the core technology, emphasize mindfulness meditation training heart and live in the present moment, attention to experience, is a free and open awareness process, advocating open attitude receive active attention to pain experience. The study found that mindfulness meditation can not only improve the depression, anxiety and other emotional problems. To improve sleep, improve attention and memory, can also relieve nerve degenerative diseases such as mild cognitive impairment. This study includes two experimental research, study and research The two discusses the mechanisms underlying physiological and physiological mechanism and thinking when roaming meditation mindfulness roaming influences thought. A: To investigate the differences in element consciousness and detect passive thinking roaming roaming physiological mechanism and the physiological mechanism of two kinds of thinking. Roaming through the forum or advertising to recruit 41 subjects and record related events in the process of potential consciousness sustained attention task in (event-related potentials ERPs) data. The psychological measurement includes five factors Chinese version of mindfulness scale (Five-Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire, FFMQ), State Trait Anxiety Inventory (State-Trait Anxiety, Inventory, STAI) and Beck depression questionnaire (Beck Depression Inventory, BDI). Repeated measure variance analysis showed that the Yuan consciousness when roaming Center (central), the amplitude of time window for the N1 component of 130-160ms decreased significantly, but the central area, The amplitude of time window for the P2 component of 190-230ms were significantly increased, suggesting that subjects of consciousness when roaming yuan attention the task. In the passive thinking when roaming roaming is detected, the amplitude of time window for the P300 component of 350-450ms showed a significant decline. According to our research results, we believe that the yuan consciousness indeed to participate in the process of thinking roaming, carefully think consciousness may be related to the early components of ERP, the advanced components and passive thinking roaming and ERP to detect the related passive thinking conscious thinking element roaming and detected roaming mechanism. Two different potential physiological research: To investigate whether mindfulness meditation can reduce thinking roaming, improve alertness, as well as the potential physiological mechanism of effects of mindfulness meditation on thinking. The 2 roaming (Group: experimental group and control group) * 2 (time: pretest and posttest) mixed experimental design And through the forum or advertising to recruit 35 subjects were randomly assigned to experimental group and control group, experimental group 20, control group was 15. The experimental paradigm for meta consciousness sustained attention paradigm and thinking (Psychomotor vigilance test PVT, alertness) test, PVT before the MSART is completed, ERP data recording process the subjects completed MSART. Psychological measurement scale consists of five factors Chinese version of mindfulness scale, state trait anxiety scale, Beck depression scale and self harmony scale. Firstly, psychological measurement results were 2 (time: pretest and posttest) * 2 (Group: experimental group and control group) repeated measures analysis of variance, time as within subjects variable groups is between variables. The results showed that the interaction of five factors and total scores of mindfulness (time * group) significantly further simple effect analysis showed that the experimental group post test scores higher than the pre-test score then. Repeated measures analysis of variance of each factor on FFMQ, results show that the interaction is not significant judgment, further simple effect analysis shows that the experimental group post test scores were significantly higher than the pre-test score; the main effect of the observation and description of factors in time significantly, using paired samples t test showed that the experimental group to observe and describe the factor factor post test scores were significantly greater than the pretest scores of state anxiety (SAI). The significant interaction, further simple effect analysis showed that the control group was significantly higher than the pretest posttest score; trait anxiety (TAI) interaction was a significant, simple effect analysis showed that the experimental group was significantly lower than the pretest posttest score of Beck depression. (BDI) and self harmony (SCCS) showed no significant change. Then the element of consciousness of roaming, repeated measurement of variance passive thinking and total number of roaming and roaming thinking PVT reaction The analysis results show that the interaction of element, consciousness time and roaming groups are remarkable, the simple effect analysis element mind roam number showed that the experimental group was significantly lower than the pretest posttest, passive thinking roaming is not found on this effect, but the total interaction time and the number of groups roaming thinking is significant, and the experimental group was measured less than the pretest. Repeated measures analysis of variance showed the interaction of PVT reaction time and group significantly, simple effects analysis showed that the experimental group in the post test reaction time was significantly less than before the test, while the control group was not changed significantly. Repeated measure analysis of variance showed that the experimental group was measured after occipital N2 component (180-220) the average amplitude of MS was significantly higher than the pretest N2 amplitude, the average amplitude of N2 component of the control group did not change significantly. Repeated measure analysis of variance showed that in the central area with negative electrode mismatch Wave (mismatch negativity, MMN) the average amplitude (100-150 MS) at the time of the main effect is significant, the amplitude of the paired sample t test showed that the experimental group after the test of MMN was significantly greater than that of the pre-test, but there was no significant change in the average amplitude of MMN in the control group. Combined with the results of the study we found that mindfulness meditation can significantly reduce roaming thinking N2 and MMN, improve alertness, may reduce or increase the mindfulness meditation thinking roaming the underlying physiological mechanism of attention. Based on a research of the two results, we believe that the yuan consciousness really participate in the process of thinking and roaming, obtain the physiological mechanism of different ways of thinking between roaming is different, and mindfulness meditation can be significant reduce thinking roaming, improve attention and alertness, N2 and MMN may be the mechanisms underlying physiological effects of mindfulness meditation mind roam.

【學(xué)位授予單位】：西南大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2017
【分類(lèi)號(hào)】：B842

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