本文選題：近代新漢字詞 + 中日詞匯交流　； 參考：《吉林大學》2017年碩士論文

【摘要】：眾所周知,漢語和日語中有很多相同的漢字,這是中日詞匯交流的結(jié)果。中日詞匯的交流經(jīng)歷了不同的時期,其中尤以19世紀-20世紀初的詞匯交流最為興盛。這一時期,中日兩國積極創(chuàng)制新詞并相互借鑒以應(yīng)對西洋文明新概念的入侵,遂產(chǎn)生了近代新漢字詞�！度毡咀冋肌肥强涤袨樯献嘟o光緒帝的奏本以宣傳其變法思想,該書介紹了日本明治維新的改革措施,內(nèi)容牽涉到政治、法律、經(jīng)濟、教育等近代專業(yè)領(lǐng)域,用詞特征為使用大量的近代新漢字詞。本文選取《日本變政考》作為調(diào)查資料,抽出其中的中日同形詞、雙音節(jié)或多音節(jié)詞以及當時表示新概念的詞作為調(diào)查對象,通過查閱中日兩國的辭典,確定調(diào)查對象是否有古代用例,其古代意義到近代有無變化來判斷是否為近代新漢字詞。最終確定的近代新漢字詞有496例。其次,本文將這496例近代新漢字詞分為有古典用例的、并被賦予新義的新漢字詞和無古典用例、重新組合漢字創(chuàng)制的新漢字詞兩類。本文稱前者為新義語,稱后者為新造語。利用近代《英華辭典》、《英和辭典》、近代的文獻著作以及中日兩國相關(guān)數(shù)據(jù)庫,分別考察新義語和新造語先產(chǎn)生于中國還是日本。經(jīng)過詳盡調(diào)查,我們發(fā)現(xiàn)在這496例近代新漢字詞中,產(chǎn)生于中國的新義語有74例,新造語有42例;產(chǎn)生于日本的新義語有82例,新造語有298例,產(chǎn)生于日本的近代新漢字詞數(shù)量最多。剖析其深層原因,認為當時日本通過明治維新改革走向資本主義國家道路,國力增強;與之相比,中國處于封建王朝末期,國力衰微。一般來說,語言文化的流動規(guī)律總是由文化和國力處于相對優(yōu)勢的國家流向文化和國力較弱的國家。日本制造的近代新漢字詞大量進入中國也就成為必然。此外,本文以產(chǎn)生于中國的新義語“國家”、“權(quán)利”、新造語“議院”、“投票”,以及產(chǎn)生于日本的新義語“自由”、“警察”、新造語“治外法權(quán)”、“最惠國”為例,利用英華辭典、英和辭典、和蘭辭典、中日近代的翻譯文獻以及相關(guān)文獻資料庫,具體考察了它們的形成以及在中日間的交流情況�？疾斓慕Y(jié)果如下:“國家”一詞在古代典籍中有著多種語義,到了近代其作為state的譯詞,表示西方的近代民主政權(quán)制度的國家的意義。其作為的state的譯詞較早出現(xiàn)于1847年麥都思的《英華字典》中。“權(quán)利”在古代漢籍中表示權(quán)勢和貨財?shù)染唧w的意義,但是到了近代,其作為right的譯語,表示在法律上為自己主張利益的意義,成為了專門的法律用語。作為近代“新漢字詞”的“權(quán)利”最早出現(xiàn)在由在華傳教士翻譯的《萬國公法》(1864年)中�！白h院”和“投票”分別最早出現(xiàn)于由在華傳教士創(chuàng)辦的期刊《遐邇貫珍》(1853~1856)、在華傳教士羅布德的《英華字典》(1866-1869)中�！白杂伞痹诠糯鷿h籍中有著多重語義,到了近代其作為liberty、freedom的譯詞,表達在法律允許的范圍內(nèi)自己的意志活動不受限制的意義,較早出現(xiàn)于日本的《英和對譯袖珍辭典》(堀達之助,1862)中。“警察”在古代漢籍中一般表示警戒察看等具體的意義,到了近代,作為police的譯詞,表示維護社會公共秩序的機關(guān)的意義,較早產(chǎn)生于1870年代的日本�！爸瓮夥�(quán)”一詞作為ex-territoriality的譯詞,最早產(chǎn)生于井上哲次郎的《哲學字匯》(1884)�！白罨輫币辉~作為mostfavorednation的譯詞出現(xiàn)的時間較晚,大約較早出現(xiàn)于19世紀90年代前后的日本。觀察新義語“國家”、“權(quán)利”、“自由”、“警察”的意義變化,可以發(fā)現(xiàn)近代“新漢字詞”從古典語義向近代新語義變化的特點是:詞義由單純性、一般性向?qū)I(yè)性、抽象性轉(zhuǎn)變。最后,利用《申報》資料庫以及bcc漢語語料庫,考察了其中來自日語的380例近代“新漢字詞”在漢語中的變遷、存廢及意義變化情況。考察結(jié)果為:一、在現(xiàn)代漢語中固定使用且意義沒有變化的借自日語的近代“新漢字詞”有303例,占比80%。本文分析其原因在于這些近代新漢字詞都是政治、經(jīng)濟、法律、教育方面的專業(yè)學術(shù)名詞,而這些學術(shù)用語的概念至今依然在使用。二、語義產(chǎn)生變化的有4例,并對“義務(wù)”、“書記”的變遷及意義變化進行了考察�！傲x務(wù)”一詞作為obligation的譯詞,表示政治上、法律上、道義上應(yīng)盡的責任的意義,從日本傳入中國后,衍生出了不求報酬免費勞動的意義,意義發(fā)生了擴大。“書記”一詞作為secretary的譯詞,表示擔任制作公文文書、記錄會議事項等職務(wù)的人以及政黨團體的責任人的意義,但是在變遷中前項的意義消失,只剩下政黨團體的責任人的意義,其意義范圍縮小了。三、在現(xiàn)代漢語中已經(jīng)廢用的詞語有73例,以“郵便”、“裁判所”為例進行考察分析發(fā)現(xiàn):這些詞從日本傳來之初,使用率很高。但是由于日本制的近代“新漢字詞”傳來之前,中國就已經(jīng)產(chǎn)生了與之表達相同意義的新詞(“郵政”、“法院”),相對于借用于日語的近代“新漢字詞”,這些詞的社會受容度較高。因此借自日本的近代“新漢字詞”在與中國的新詞競爭中,處于劣勢,被逐漸廢用。本文利用中日兩國的辭典、文獻、數(shù)據(jù)庫等,對《日本變政考》中出現(xiàn)的近代“新漢字詞”的產(chǎn)生進行了調(diào)查,對從日本傳入中國的近代“新漢字詞”的變遷情況進行了考察,但是由于能力不足以及資料的限制,偏頗之處在所難免,學生在今后也將繼續(xù)對此課題進行研究。
[Abstract]:As we all know, there are many Chinese characters in Chinese and Japanese. This is the result of the exchange of Chinese and Japanese words. The exchange of Chinese and Japanese vocabulary has gone through different periods, especially in the beginning of the nineteenth Century -20 century, the most prosperous. Modern new Chinese character words were produced. "Japan's political examination" was Kang Youwei's memorials to Guangxu emperor in order to propagate his thought of change of law. The book introduced the reform measures of the Meiji Restoration in Japan. The contents involve modern professional fields such as politics, law, economy, education and so on. The use of words is characterized by a large number of modern new Chinese characters. As the survey data, the Chinese and Japanese homomorphs, the double syllable or polysyllabic words and the words of the new concept were taken as the investigation objects, and the ancient use cases were determined by consulting the dictionaries of China and Japan and whether the ancient significance of the ancient meaning to modern new Chinese characters was determined. There are 496 Chinese characters. Secondly, this paper divides the 496 modern Chinese characters into classical Chinese words, and is given new Chinese characters and no classical use cases, and recombines the two new Chinese character words created by Chinese characters. The former is called new meaning and the latter is new. Modern literature works are used in modern Chinese dictionary, English and dictionary. In detail, we found that in the 496 modern new Chinese characters, there were 74 new meaning words in China, 42 newinads in China, 82 new Italian words in Japan, 298 newinads in Japan, and 298 new ones in Japan. The number of Chinese character words is the most, and the deep reasons are analyzed. It is believed that the national strength increased by the Meiji Restoration reform towards the capitalist country. In contrast, China was at the end of the feudal dynasty and the national strength declined. Generally speaking, the flow law of language and culture was always flowing to culture and national strength in a country with a comparative advantage in culture and national strength. In the weaker countries, the modern new Chinese character words made in Japan have become inevitable in China. In addition, this article is based on the Chinese new meaning "state", "right", "the house", "vote", and the new meaning "freedom", "police", "extraterritorial" and "most favored nation" in the new Japanese language. Using the English dictionary, the English dictionary, the dictionary, the blue dictionary, the modern Chinese and Japanese translation literature and the relevant documents database, the formation and the exchange between the sun and the sun are examined. The results are as follows: the word "state" has many meanings in ancient classics, and the modern times as a word for state to express the modern times in the West. The meaning of the state of the democratic regime. The translation of the word "state" appeared earlier in the "English Chinese Dictionary" in 1847. "Rights" expressed the specific meaning of power and goods in ancient Chinese, but in modern times, as a translation of right, it expressed the significance of advocating interests in the law and became a special law. As a modern "new Chinese character word", "right" was first appeared in "the public law of the world" (1864), translated by the missionaries in China. The "house" and "vote" were first appeared in the journal "1853~1856", which was founded by the missionaries in China, and in the Chinese missionary J Rob's "Yinghua dictionary >" (1866-1869). "Freedom". In the ancient Chinese, there were multiple meanings in the ancient Chinese, which appeared in the modern times as liberty, freedom's translation words, expressed in the meaning of their will activities within the scope of the law, and appeared earlier in the Japanese and Chinese translation Pocket Dictionary (1862). Meaning, in modern times, as a word for police, the meaning of maintaining social public order was born in Japan in 1870s. The word "extraterritorial law", as a word for ex-territoriality, was first produced in Inoue Tetsujiro's "philosophical vocabulary" (1884). "Most favored nation" appeared as a word for mostfavorednation. Later, it appeared earlier in Japan before and after the 1890s. To observe the changes of the meaning of the new meaning "state", "right", "freedom" and "police", we can find that the characteristics of the modern "new Chinese characters" from the classical meaning to the modern new semantics are: the meaning from the simple, general to professional, abstract. Using the "Declaration > Database" and the Chinese corpus of BCC, this paper examines the changes, Abolishment and significance of 380 modern "new Chinese character words" from Japanese in the Chinese language. The results are as follows: (1) there are 303 cases of modern Chinese word "new Chinese characters", which are used in modern Chinese and have no change in meaning. The reason is that these modern Chinese characters are all the professional academic nouns of politics, economy, law and education, and the concepts of these terms are still in use. Two, there are 4 cases of semantic change, and the change of "obligation", "secretary" and the change of meaning. "Obligation" is the obligation. The meaning of political, legal and moral responsibility is expressed politically, legally and morally. After the introduction of Japan to China, it derives the meaning of not seeking remuneration for free labor and the significance has been expanded. The word "secretary", as a word for secretary, represents the person who serves as a document for making official documents, records of meetings and other duties, as well as the responsible person of the Party group. Meaning, but the meaning of the preceding item disappears in the change, only the meaning of the responsible person of the Party group is left, and its meaning is narrowed. Three, 73 cases have been used in modern Chinese, and the analysis of the "post" and "the referee", for example, found that the use rate of these words from the beginning of Japan is very high. But because of Japan, the use of these words is very high. Before the advent of modern "new Chinese characters", China has produced new words ("post", "court") that express the same meaning ("the court"). Compared with the modern "new Chinese character words" borrowed from Japanese, these words have a higher social tolerance. In this paper, the Chinese and Japanese dictionary, literature, database, etc. are used to investigate the emergence of the modern "new Chinese character words" in the "Japanese political examination", and the changes in the modern "new Chinese character words" from Japan to China. Inevitably, students will continue to study this topic in the future.
【學位授予單位】：吉林大學
【學位級別】：碩士
【學位授予年份】：2017
【分類號】：H36

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