本文關(guān)鍵詞：俄語(yǔ)換位詞研究　出處：《上海外國(guó)語(yǔ)大學(xué)》2007年碩士論文　論文類(lèi)型：學(xué)位論文

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【摘要】： 換位詞的研究歷史并不長(zhǎng)。20世紀(jì)20年代,法國(guó)語(yǔ)言學(xué)家巴利首次提出換位詞的概念,隨后一些學(xué)者對(duì)換位詞進(jìn)行了零散的研究。直到60年代,換位詞的研究才得到發(fā)展,形成換位詞研究的黃金時(shí)期,當(dāng)時(shí)語(yǔ)言學(xué)家們主要研究換位詞的句法研究。直到70年代,語(yǔ)言學(xué)家才把注意力轉(zhuǎn)向了換位詞的詞法研究上。目前學(xué)界對(duì)換位關(guān)系的研究較零散、缺乏系統(tǒng)性。本文將結(jié)合換位詞的詞法和句法上的特點(diǎn),進(jìn)行較為系統(tǒng)的研究,進(jìn)一步了解換位詞的特點(diǎn)、實(shí)質(zhì)極其功能,更好地更準(zhǔn)確地運(yùn)用換位詞。 首先區(qū)分語(yǔ)義相對(duì)詞和換位詞。語(yǔ)義相對(duì)詞是指兩個(gè)詞的詞義相互依存、相互制約,在同一情景中一個(gè)詞的存在就意味著、暗示著另一個(gè)詞的存在。如“買(mǎi)”和“賣(mài)”、“丈夫”和“妻子”。在同一情景中,有“買(mǎi)”必有“賣(mài)”,“買(mǎi)”的存在就意味著“賣(mài)”的存在。在同一情景中,有“丈夫”必有“妻子”。詞義之間的這種關(guān)系就是“語(yǔ)義相對(duì)”,有語(yǔ)義相對(duì)關(guān)系的詞就是“語(yǔ)義相對(duì)詞”。 一對(duì)語(yǔ)義相對(duì)詞構(gòu)成的主客體換位的兩個(gè)句子陳述同一個(gè)事實(shí),所以是同義句。但因?yàn)槎浔硎鲂问讲煌?所以二句語(yǔ)義內(nèi)容有細(xì)微差別,邏輯重點(diǎn)不同,主題與述題關(guān)系不同。 語(yǔ)義相對(duì)詞一般都有上述換位功能,所以語(yǔ)義相對(duì)詞一般也是換位詞。但是,對(duì)換位詞的研究范圍逐漸擴(kuò)大,有些換位詞類(lèi)型雖然有換位功能,但詞義并無(wú)語(yǔ)義相對(duì)特點(diǎn)。所以,并非所有換位詞都有詞義相對(duì)的特點(diǎn),語(yǔ)義相對(duì)詞只是換位詞中的一部分。 換位詞中具有語(yǔ)義相對(duì)特點(diǎn)的詞一般被歸入反義詞,即構(gòu)成語(yǔ)義相對(duì)關(guān)系的一類(lèi)反義詞。這些詞中,與其它反義詞一樣,既有共同義素,也有對(duì)立義素。如“買(mǎi)”和“賣(mài)”二詞的義素構(gòu)成中有共同義素,都包括諸如“商業(yè)行為”、“物與錢(qián)交換”這些義素;二詞中又包含不同的、呈相對(duì)關(guān)系的對(duì)立義素:一是“以錢(qián)換物”,一是“以物換錢(qián)”。這種相互對(duì)立的義素正是從不同角度、不同出發(fā)點(diǎn)表示同一對(duì)象,二者互為依存。也正是這種不同的、相對(duì)立的義素可造成二詞代換時(shí)主客體的換位。與其它類(lèi)型的反義詞不同的是,每個(gè)語(yǔ)義相對(duì)詞在每一情景中都暗示另一詞的存在并以后者為存在條件。其它類(lèi)型的反義詞則無(wú)此特點(diǎn)。如“張三是男人”中的“男人”并不意味著某個(gè)“女人”的存在�！帮w機(jī)在起飛”也并不意味著另一某物在降落。這些反義詞只是在語(yǔ)言體系中有相對(duì)立的另一詞存在。 換位詞必須至少具備兩個(gè)語(yǔ)義組配項(xiàng),具有轉(zhuǎn)換角色的結(jié)構(gòu)。在這方面,同義詞和反義詞都不需要這個(gè)先決條件。首先它們都可以是只有一個(gè)語(yǔ)義組配項(xiàng)的,甚至可以是無(wú)語(yǔ)義組配項(xiàng)的;其次有兩個(gè)語(yǔ)義組配項(xiàng)也無(wú)需交換角色。換位詞多屬于同一詞類(lèi),但也可以是不同詞類(lèi)的,同義詞和反義詞則屬于同一詞類(lèi)。換位詞的另一個(gè)特點(diǎn),也是它和同義詞、反義詞的重要區(qū)別之一,即換位詞偶不能同時(shí)出現(xiàn)在同一語(yǔ)句中。它們中的一個(gè)用于言語(yǔ)中,而另一個(gè)則只能存在于人們的意識(shí)中,但隨時(shí)可用來(lái)代換。但同義詞和反義詞就不同,它們完全可以同時(shí)出現(xiàn)在同一語(yǔ)句中。 通過(guò)換位詞轉(zhuǎn)換的句子和原句雖然是同義的,但并非完全等同,它們之間存在著邏輯側(cè)重和實(shí)義切分上的差別,這實(shí)際上正是換位詞的功能:形成具有邏輯側(cè)重和實(shí)義切分差別的同義語(yǔ)句。 對(duì)俄語(yǔ)換位關(guān)系的研究雖然取得了很大成就,但還存在不少問(wèn)題。其中主要有: 對(duì)換位關(guān)系和換位詞的解釋普遍帶有片面性,具體表現(xiàn)為: 1.沒(méi)有說(shuō)明存在著大量無(wú)對(duì)立義素的換位詞,只提出換位詞具有對(duì)立義素。有的學(xué)者這樣給換位關(guān)系下定義:“換位關(guān)系屬于詞匯語(yǔ)義范疇,是不同詞的相反關(guān)系在語(yǔ)言中的反映,這些詞的對(duì)立義素能使這類(lèi)單位在轉(zhuǎn)換的語(yǔ)句中表示主客體關(guān)系……”(Новиков,214)。 2.在對(duì)換位詞功能的認(rèn)識(shí)上存在不同的看法,確切地說(shuō),把換位詞和反義詞混為一談。反義詞在句子中體現(xiàn)的是對(duì)立功能,而不是語(yǔ)句的同義轉(zhuǎn)換功能。 本文以俄語(yǔ)換位詞為例對(duì)換位關(guān)系的實(shí)質(zhì)、換位詞的語(yǔ)法特性、換位詞的語(yǔ)句同義轉(zhuǎn)換功能、換位詞與同義詞、反義詞的對(duì)比分析以及換位詞的分類(lèi)進(jìn)行了深入細(xì)致的分析,并就當(dāng)前換位關(guān)系研究中存在的主要問(wèn)題提出了自己的見(jiàn)解。對(duì)換位詞進(jìn)行的語(yǔ)義—語(yǔ)法分類(lèi)兼顧了意義和形式標(biāo)準(zhǔn),對(duì)于全面準(zhǔn)確了解換位詞的類(lèi)型很有幫助。本文對(duì)這一比較新的研究課題的概括總結(jié)及對(duì)一些問(wèn)題的探索有助于更好地研究換位關(guān)系,對(duì)俄語(yǔ)教學(xué)也有一定的啟發(fā)意義。 本文由前言、正文和結(jié)束語(yǔ)三部分組成,其中正文包含五章: 第一章俄語(yǔ)換位詞發(fā)展概述 第二章俄語(yǔ)換位詞理論概述 第三章?lián)Q位關(guān)系與同義、反義關(guān)系 第四章?lián)Q位詞的特點(diǎn) 第五章?lián)Q位詞的分類(lèi)
[Abstract]:The word is not a long research history of transposition.20 century 20s, French linguist Barry first put forward the concept of conversion words, then some scholars were scattered on transposition words. Until 60s, the discussion on transposition of get development, golden age research transposition word forms the syntactic study, linguists mainly study the transposition words at that time. Until in 70s, linguists focus on lexical transposition words. The current research on the relationship of transposition is scattered, the lack of systematic. This paper combines the characteristics of lexical and syntactic transposition, are systematically studied, further understanding of the characteristics of conversion words, very substantial function better, more accurate the use of transposition.
We distinguish the semantic relative words and word semantic words. Relative transposition refers to two words of interdependence, mutual constraints, in the same scene in a word means, suggesting another word. Such as "buy" and "sell", "husband" and "wife" in the same situation, there will be "buy" to "sell" and "buy" means "sell". In the same situation, there will be a "husband" "wife". The relationship between the meaning of a word is "semantic relativity" relative words is the "semantic relative words".
A pair of two relative sentences consisting of subject and object are represented by the same fact. Therefore, they are synonymous sentences. But because of the different expressions of the two sentences, the two sentence has different nuances in semantic content. The key points of logic are different, and the relationship between topic and topic is different.
The relative words generally have the semantic conversion function, so the semantic relative word is generally transposition words. However, the research scope of transposition words gradually expanded, although there are some word type transposition transposition function, but there is no semantic meaning of relative characteristics. Therefore, not all words are transposed the relative meaning of semantic features, is a relative term some words in transposition.
Words have semantic features of transposition relative words are generally classified as a class of antonyms antonyms, namely the relative semantic. These words, like other antonyms, both common sememe, and opposition sememe. Such as "buy" and "sell" two words in common sememe sememe form, including such as "business practices", "material and money exchange" which contains different sememe; two words, a relative relationship between sememes: one is to change money "thing", is a "material change". This is the opposite of sememe from different angles, different starting points represent the same two objects, which depend on each other. It is this different, transposition can cause two sememe opposite word substitution when the subject and object. Unlike other types of antonyms is that each semantic relative words at each scenario implies another word exists and the latter is the existence. Other types of antonyms. There is no such as. "Zhang San is the man" in "man" does not mean a "woman". "The plane takes off at" does not mean something in another land. Only these antonyms there is another word in the opposite language system.
Transposition words must have at least two semantic matching, with the role of structural transfer. In this regard, synonyms and antonyms are not the prerequisite. Firstly they can be only a semantic matching item, even without semantic matching items; secondly there are two semantic groups there is no need to switch roles with a word. Transposition belong to the same lexical category, but can also be different lexical category, synonyms and antonyms belong to the same lexical category. Another feature of transposition of words, it is also one of the important differences and synonyms, antonyms, word pairs that transposition can't be seen together in the same a statement. One of them, for the words, and one can only exist in people's consciousness, but can be used at any time. But the substitution of synonyms and antonyms is different, they can also appear in the same statement.
Although the sentences and original sentences that are converted by the transposition words are synonymous, but they are not exactly the same, there are differences between the logical emphasis and the real meaning segmentation.
Although great achievements have been made in the study of Russian transposable relations, there are still many problems.
The interpretations of transposition and transposition words are generally one-sided, which are as follows:
1. not indicating the presence of a lot of words without opposition transposition sememe, present the words with opposite transposition. Some scholars like to sememe transposition relation definition: "transposition relation belongs to lexical semantic category, reflects the opposite relationship between different words in the language, the meaning of these words in opposition to this unit represents the relationship between subject and object in the conversion of the statement." (from the state for me from 214 to K,).
2., there are different views on the understanding of the function of commutator. To be exact, it is confused with the antonyms. Antonyms in the sentence reflect the opposite function rather than the synonymous transformation function of the sentence.
According to the Russian word as an example of the essence of transposition transposition relation, the grammatical features of transposition words, synonym statement conversion function words and word transposition transposition, synonyms, antonyms and transposition comparative analysis of word classification for in-depth analysis, and on the current main problems of the research on the relationship of transposition in put forward their own the semantic and grammatical classification opinions. The words of both the transposition of meaning and form standard, for understanding the types of word transposition helpful. In this paper, the new research subject of the summary and exploration of some issues will help to better study the transposition relation, also have certain enlightening significance of the Russian Teaching.
This article is composed of three parts, the preface, the text and the concluding language, and the text contains five chapters.
The first chapter of the development of Russian transposition words
The second chapter of the theory of Russian transposed words
The third chapter of transposition relation and synonym, antisense relationship
The characteristics of the fourth chapter of the transposition word
The classification of transposition words in the fifth chapter

【學(xué)位授予單位】：上海外國(guó)語(yǔ)大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2007
【分類(lèi)號(hào)】：H35

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