發(fā)布時(shí)間：2018-02-16 16:27

  本文關(guān)鍵詞： 西南地區(qū) 兩漢時(shí)期 勞作俑 莊園經(jīng)濟(jì)　出處：《南京大學(xué)》2017年碩士論文　論文類型：學(xué)位論文

【摘要】：勞作俑是墓葬隨葬陶俑的一個(gè)類型,是從事各類勞作之俑,或手持工具,或呈現(xiàn)各類勞作狀態(tài)。墓葬中出土的勞作俑,是古人喪葬觀念的產(chǎn)物,同時(shí)也是社會(huì)面貌的體現(xiàn)。勞作俑作為重要的實(shí)物資料,能夠真實(shí)而生動(dòng)的反映當(dāng)時(shí)社會(huì)的政治、經(jīng)濟(jì)、文化等各方面的信息,作為文獻(xiàn)資料的補(bǔ)充與相互印證,無(wú)疑具有重大歷史價(jià)值,而勞作俑本身,其豐富的形象特征、精湛而細(xì)膩的制作技術(shù)也同樣具有很高的藝術(shù)價(jià)值。兩漢時(shí)期,西南地區(qū)在巴蜀文化的基礎(chǔ)上,兼收并蓄了包括漢文化在內(nèi)的多種文化因素,形成了一個(gè)獨(dú)特的文化單元,除了盛行其他地區(qū)所少見(jiàn)的崖墓及搖錢樹(shù),在這一地區(qū)墓葬中還出土了數(shù)量眾多的勞作俑,勞作俑的類型十分豐富,從西漢晚期至蜀漢時(shí)期一直延續(xù)。因此,對(duì)西南漢墓出土勞作俑的考古材料進(jìn)行系統(tǒng)整理,并對(duì)勞作俑的分布地域、類型、時(shí)代演變以及與其他地域的比較等多方面進(jìn)行研究,有利于我們更深入地了解西南地區(qū)的勞作俑特征以及透過(guò)勞作俑所反映的社會(huì)面貌。文章首先對(duì)勞作俑的發(fā)現(xiàn)情況進(jìn)行了梳理,并對(duì)勞作俑在時(shí)空上的分布規(guī)律進(jìn)行了總結(jié)。經(jīng)統(tǒng)計(jì)之后發(fā)現(xiàn),西南地區(qū)的勞作俑主要分布在四個(gè)相對(duì)集中的地域范圍,即四川成都平原及其周圍和西昌地區(qū),重慶三峽地區(qū),云南的大理、呈貢和昭通以及貴州的西南部地區(qū)。并從整體上呈現(xiàn)出四川成都平原及其周圍地區(qū)與重慶三峽地區(qū)漢墓出土的勞作俑數(shù)量多而云貴兩個(gè)區(qū)域范圍出土勞作俑數(shù)量少的特征。而且隨著時(shí)代的發(fā)展,至東漢中晚期勞作俑的發(fā)展達(dá)到了繁盛期,勞作俑的數(shù)量達(dá)到最大,類型最為豐富,范圍也最廣,在不同區(qū)域形成了不同的擴(kuò)展趨勢(shì)。其次,由于目前對(duì)于勞作俑的定義沒(méi)有統(tǒng)一的標(biāo)準(zhǔn),因此文章根據(jù)勞作俑的所持工具、勞作狀態(tài)以及勞作場(chǎng)合等對(duì)勞作俑進(jìn)行分類研究,將其分為從事農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)和從事家務(wù)勞動(dòng)的兩個(gè)大類,并根據(jù)具體形態(tài)再進(jìn)行細(xì)致劃分。其中從事農(nóng)業(yè)的如持鍤俑、持鋤俑、持(?)俑、持鐮俑、持棒俑、擊鼓俑、薅秧俑、扛罐俑和樝扇俑等。從事家務(wù)勞作的俑又可分為廚房勞作俑、家內(nèi)雜物俑和主人內(nèi)侍俑。廚房勞作俑如,庖廚俑、提魚(yú)俑、提罐俑、托盤(pán)俑和杵臼俑等;家內(nèi)雜務(wù)俑如,負(fù)物俑、持箕帚俑等;主人內(nèi)侍俑如:抱囊俑、執(zhí)鏡俑、執(zhí)便面俑等。再依據(jù)勞作俑的地域分布特點(diǎn)和類型特點(diǎn)對(duì)勞作俑進(jìn)行分期研究,將其分為時(shí)代相續(xù)的三個(gè)發(fā)展階段,西漢晚期至東漢早期、東漢中晚期和東漢末期至蜀漢時(shí)期。從總體上可以看出勞作俑由簡(jiǎn)至繁、由粗至精的時(shí)代發(fā)展趨勢(shì)。再次,通過(guò)對(duì)西南地區(qū)勞作俑在數(shù)量、類型等方面的充分了解,將勞作俑與其他地區(qū)進(jìn)行比較研究,將全國(guó)范圍內(nèi)出土勞作俑比較集中的地區(qū)分為六個(gè)區(qū)域,具體包含陜西及豫西地區(qū)、河南地區(qū)、兩湖及豫南地區(qū)、山東及蘇北地區(qū)、嶺南地區(qū)和河北地區(qū)。通過(guò)勞作俑在類型、數(shù)量、形態(tài)、制作技術(shù)等各方面的對(duì)比來(lái)闡釋不同地區(qū)間的區(qū)域聯(lián)系性以及地域的獨(dú)特性。通過(guò)對(duì)比研究發(fā)現(xiàn),西南地區(qū)出土的勞作俑無(wú)論是數(shù)量上還是類型上都較其他地區(qū)豐富,而且勞作俑的體型高大,對(duì)勞作俑制作也提出了更高的要求。西南地區(qū)的勞作俑古拙而質(zhì)樸,它不嚴(yán)格追求精確的比例,但卻栩栩如生,生動(dòng)而有感染力。陶俑的表情也大都眉目舒展、面帶笑容,這或許也體現(xiàn)出了漢代西南地區(qū)人們的樂(lè)觀性格以及生活的安定。西南地區(qū)出土的勞作俑多為單體陶俑,陶俑所表現(xiàn)出的內(nèi)涵均具有獨(dú)立性,陶俑既可單獨(dú)組合使用,又可搭配陂塘水田或房屋模型來(lái)表現(xiàn)不同的勞動(dòng)場(chǎng)景,因此這些陶俑作為構(gòu)成其喪葬觀念的小道具被使用,使用者隨意購(gòu)買,在喪葬之際隨便搭配來(lái)在墓葬里表現(xiàn)當(dāng)時(shí)的生前生活場(chǎng)景。而北方地區(qū)多為表現(xiàn)糧食加工過(guò)程的陶俑,多為模型明器附俑,陶俑也多為捏制,陶俑形象僅作為勞作場(chǎng)景的組成部分放置而忽略了陶俑本身的形態(tài)特征。最后,通過(guò)墓葬中出土的勞作俑來(lái)反映漢代的社會(huì)面貌,勞作俑作為隨葬明器既是墓葬喪葬文化的體現(xiàn),同時(shí)也是社會(huì)生活的真實(shí)反饋。勞作俑伴隨著地主莊園的興起而出現(xiàn)的,成為墓葬隨葬品中不可或缺的組成部分,也因此成為揭示漢代莊園經(jīng)濟(jì)特點(diǎn)的有力物證。通過(guò)墓葬中出土的勞作俑再現(xiàn)了漢代地主莊園生活的面貌和經(jīng)濟(jì)特點(diǎn),也由此發(fā)現(xiàn)墓葬中勞作俑的原型是作為地主莊園的依附農(nóng)或奴婢而存在。
[Abstract]:Work is a type of burial tomb figurines figurines, is engaged in various types of work or figurines, hand tools, or a variety of working condition. The Lao tombs unearthed figurines, is a product of the ancient funeral idea, and also reflects the social outlook. As a kind of material to a key, can reflect the real and vivid the social politics, economy, culture and so on various aspects of information, as a supplement to Literature and confirm each other, is undoubtedly of great historical value, and the working characteristics of the figurines itself, rich image, exquisite and exquisite production technology also has a very high artistic value. On the basis of the Han Dynasty, southwest Bashu culture on a variety of eclectic cultural factors including the Han culture, formed a unique cultural unit, in addition to the rare prevalence in other parts of the cliff and shaking Qian Shu, in the tombs in this area Also unearthed a large number of types of work work honestly, honestly is very rich, from the late Western Han Dynasty to the period has been extended. Therefore, on the southwest of the figurines unearthed in the archaeological work material sorting system, and geographical distribution, the type of work honestly, time evolution and with other regional comparison etc. help us to understand more deeply the work characteristics of the southwest figurines and reflected through the work of the figurines of life. For the first work of the figurines found are reviewed, and the work of violence in the time and space distribution are summarized. The statistics after the discovery, the southwestern region of the Lao figurines are mainly distributed in four the relative concentration of the region, namely Sichuan Chengdu plain and its surrounding area of Chongqing and Xichang, the Three Gorges area, Yunnan Dali, Chenggong and Zhaotong and the southwest region of Guizhou. And on the whole Exhibits a number of figurines unearthed in Sichuan work in Chengdu plain and its surrounding area and the tomb of Chongqing Three Gorges area and unearthed two regional labor figures of Yunnan Guizhou less number of features. But with the development of the times, the development of East Hanzhoung to work late to a prosperous period, the number of labor figures reached the maximum, the type most abundant. Extensive formation of the expansion trend in different regions. Secondly, due to the current definition of the work of the figurines there is no uniform standard, so according to the work of the working state of a tool, and a working classification research on work honestly will be divided into two, categories are engaged in agricultural production and do the housework, and according to the specific form and meticulous division. Which is engaged in agriculture such as holding spade hoe hold figurines, figurines, figurines, holding (?) holding a sickle bar figurines, figurines, figurines, drums, seedling plants carry figurines, figurines and pot plant name fan China engaged in housework. The figures can be divided into a kitchen work, sundry figurines and master home in the kitchen work. Such as figurines figurines, a fish figurines, figurines, figurines figurines and jars, tray and figurines; home chores such as figurines, figurines figurines to Jizhou negative things, etc.; master in figurines such as: hold the bag with a mirror figurines, figurines, figurines and other surface. Then they work according to the geographical distribution of the characteristics and types of violence to work honestly staging research, will be divided into three stages of the development of the era, the late Western Han Dynasty to the early Eastern Han Dynasty, in the late Eastern Han Dynasty and to the end of the Han Dynasty the period from the total body can be seen to work honestly from simple to complex development trend of the times, from coarse to fine. Again, through to the southwest to fully understand the types of figurines in number, etc., will work with the rest of a comparative study of the nationwide work unearthed figurines are concentrated in areas divided into six areas, Including Shaanxi and Henan, Henan, Hubei and Hunan and south of Henan, Shandong and Northern Jiangsu area, south of the Five Ridges area and Hebei area. Through the work honestly in the type, quantity, form, comparison of all aspects of production technology to different parts of the area between the interpretation and the link of regional uniqueness. Through the comparative study found that southwest unearthed figurines work either the number or types are abundant, and the work of the figurines tall, also put forward higher requirements on the labor production. In the southwest of the Lao figurines figurines unadorned and simple, it is not strictly the pursuit of accurate proportion, but true to life, vivid and appealing the expression is mostly clear. Pottery stretch, smiling, perhaps this also reflects the Han people of the southwest region, optimistic character and stability of life. Southwest unearthed work for single pottery figurines, The connotation of figures shown are independent, pottery can be used in combination alone, and collocation of the paddy field or the housing model to represent the different labor scene, so these figures as the funeral concept composed of small props are used, users purchase freely, in the occasion of the funeral to show that his casual collocation of life the scene in the tombs. While the northern region for food processing as funerary objects of the figurines, figurines, figurines are mostly made of pottery, image only as part of the labor scene placed while ignoring the morphological characteristics of pottery itself. Finally, through the tombs unearthed in the Han Dynasty figurines work to reflect the social outlook honestly, work as the embodiment of the funeral culture is grave funerary object, but also the realistic social life. With the rise of a feedback landlord and become the tombs with An integral part of burial goods, has become a powerful evidence to reveal the characteristics of the Han Dynasty manor economy. Through the tombs unearthed in Lao figurines reproduces the appearance and economic characteristics of the Han Dynasty manor life, which also found in the tombs of the figurines work as the prototype garden Zhuang peasants or slaves.

【學(xué)位授予單位】：南京大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2017
【分類號(hào)】：K878.8

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本文編號(hào)：1515943