歷史證據(jù)可從書面記載中找到,也可從古代文物(不論是人類創(chuàng)造抑或自然產(chǎn)物)中發(fā)掘。從這些歷史證據(jù)中,后人可感受到古人遺留的有關(guān)人文、政治、法律、藝術(shù)和文化等故事。歷史證據(jù)的這些價值不僅對一國意義深遠(yuǎn),更是全人類的瑰寶。歷史悠久的南中國海(以下簡稱“南�！�)曾作為連接亞歐海上貿(mào)易的主要航道,有著絲綢之路的美譽(yù)。該地區(qū)有著大量沉船,被稱為水下文化遺產(chǎn)。船舶沉沒成為水下文化遺產(chǎn)的原因很多,例如航行中遭遇然災(zāi)害、碰撞事故、甚至戰(zhàn)爭禍及此地。如今,尋寶者和受利益驅(qū)使的私人打撈公司非法挖掘正使這片海域的水下文化遺產(chǎn)面臨危機(jī)。這可能致使南海的歷史證據(jù)丟失或不完整。筆者認(rèn)為造成該問題的原因有三方面。首先是由于南海地區(qū)領(lǐng)土和海洋劃界爭端。這些爭端導(dǎo)致南海地區(qū)管轄權(quán)行使模糊不清,當(dāng)一國在爭議區(qū)行使管轄權(quán),容易產(chǎn)生沖突,因此,尋寶者有可乘之機(jī)對南海地區(qū)水下文化遺產(chǎn)進(jìn)行商業(yè)開發(fā)。其次,《聯(lián)合國教科文組織水下文化遺產(chǎn)公約》(以下簡稱《水下文化遺產(chǎn)公約》)是一部全面保護(hù)水下文化遺產(chǎn)的國際公約,但僅有柬埔寨是該公約的締約國。因此,公約的條款難以在南海地區(qū)適用以保護(hù)該地區(qū)的水下文化遺產(chǎn)。最后,南海沿岸國各自為政,各國立法...

【文章頁數(shù)】：342 頁

【學(xué)位級別】：博士

【文章目錄】：
THESIS ABSTRACT 內(nèi)容摘要 ABBREVIATIONS CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION
1.1 The Purposes of the Study
1.2 Research Hypothesis and Research Questions
1.3 Scope of the Study
1.4 Research Methodologies
1.5 Original Contributions
1.6 The Structure of the Thesis CHAPTER 2 UNDERWATER CULTURAL HERITAGE (UCH)IN THE SOUTH CHINA SEA (SCS)
2.1 Introduction to the South China Sea
    2.1.1 Definition of the SCS
    2.1.2 The Disputes in the SCS
    2.1.3 Approaches to solving the disputes in the SCS
2.2 Major Underwater Archaeological Events in the SCS
2.3 Significances and Threats of UCH in the SCS
    2.3.1 Significances of the UCH in the SCS
    2.3.2 Threats to the UCH in the SCS
2.4 Efforts to protect UCH in the SCS
    2.4.1 Association of Southeast Asian Nations
    2.4.2 United Nations Educational, Scientific and CulturalOrganization
    2.4.3 The International Council of Museums
    2.4.4 The International Council on Monuments andSites
    2.4.5 The Southeast Asian Ministers of EducationOrganization
2.5 Conclusions CHAPTER 3 APPLICABLE PRINCIPLES AND LAWSCONCERNING UCH PROTECTION IN THE SCS
3.1 Applicable International laws concerning UCHProtection in the SCS
    3.1.1 Legal Regime of Maritime Zones
    3.1.2 Legal Framework for UCH protection under theUnited Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea
    3.1.3 The Legal Framework for UCH protection under the2001 UNESCO Convention
3.2 The SCS Littoral States' Domestic Laws
    3.2.1 Brunei
    3.2.2 Cambodia
    3.2.3 China
    3.2.4 Indonesia
    3.2.5 Malaysia
    3.2.6 The Philippines
    3.2.7 Singapore
    3.2.8 Thailand
    3.2.9 Vietnam
    3.2.10 Inconsistency of the SCS littoral States' DomesticLaws
3.3 Conclusions CHAPTER 4 SOME PRECEDENTED STATES PRACTICESON UCH PROTECTION
4.1 The Mediterranean Sea
    4.1.1 Introduction to the Mediterranean Sea
    4.1.2 Situation of UCH in the Mediterranean Sea
    4.1.3 UCH protection in the Mediterranean Sea
4.2 The Baltic Sea
    4.2.1 Introduction to the Baltic Sea
    4.2.2 Situation of UCH in the Baltic Sea
    4.2.3 UCH Protection in the Baltic Sea
4.3 The Caribbean Sea
    4.3.1 Introduction to the Caribbean Sea
    4.3.2 Applicable International Laws on UCH Protectionin the Caribbean Sea
    4.3.3 Efforts to protect UCH in the Caribbean Sea
4.4 The Council of Europe
    4.4.1 The European Cultural Convention 1954
    4.4.2 The European Convention on the Protectionof the Archaeological Heritage 1969
    4.4.3 The Convention for the Protection of theArchitectural Heritage of Europe 1985
    4.4.4 The European Convention on Offences relating toCultural Property 1985
    4.4.5 The Draft European Convention 1985
    4.4.6 The European Convention on the Protection of theArchaeological Heritage 1992
    4.4.7 The Council of Europe Framework ConventionOn the Value of the Cultural Heritage for Society2005
4.5 Selected international instruments relating to UCHProtection
    4.5.1 HMS Spartan Agreement 1952
    4.5.2 Old Dutch Shipwrecks agreement 1972
    4.5.3 The Torres Strait Treaty 1978
    4.5.4 HMS Birkenhead Agreement 1989
    4.5.5 CSS Alabama Agreement 1989
    4.5.6 M/S Estonia Agreement 1995
    4.5.7 Memorandum of Understanding of the ShipwrecksHMS Erebus and HMS Terror 1997
    4.5.8 Le Belle Agreement 2003
    4.5.9 Titanic Agreement 2004
4.6 Conclusions CHAPTER 5 APPROACHES TO IMPROVE LEGALFRAMEWORK FOR UCH PROTECTION IN THE SCS
5.1 Applying the 2001 UNESCO Convention
    5.1.1 Ways to apply the 2001 UNESCO Convention
    5.1.2 Advantages and Disadvantages of becoming StatesParties to the 2001 UNESCO Convention
    5.1.3 Inconsistency between the 2001 UNESCOConvention and SCS Littoral States'domestic Laws
5.2 Concluding a Regional Agreement on UCH Protectionin the SCS
    5.2.1 Approaches of Concluding the Agreement
    5.2.2 Leading Role of Concluding the Agreement
    5.2.3 Advantages and Disadvantages of Concluding theAgreement
    5.2.4 Analysis of Some Provisions to be contained inthe Agreement
5.3 Conclusions CHAPTER 6CONCLUSIONS
6.1 Answers to Research Questions
    6.1.1 What is the current situation of UCHin the SCS?
    6.1.2 What are applicable laws to protect UCH inthe SCS?
    6.1.3 How to apply the 2001 UNESCO Conventionto improve the Legal Framework for the UCHprotection in the SCS?
    6.1.4 How to conclude a Regional Agreement?
6.2 Some Observations on the Improving LegalFramework for UCH protection in the SCS
    6.2.1 Obstructions to conclude the agreement
    6.2.2 Some Assisting Factors to success of concludinga Regional Agreement
6.3 Epilogue Bibliography ANNEXES 1. ASEAN Declaration on Cultural Heritage 2000 ANNEX 2. Sirucasa Declaration on the Submarine Cultural Heritageof the Mediterranean Sea 2001 ANNEX 3. The 2008 Code of Good Practice for the Management of theUnderwater Cultural Heritage in the Baltic Region ANNEX 4. Vientiane Declaration on Reinforcing Cultural HeritageCooperation in ASEAN 2016 Acknowledgements



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