英國對(duì)中國的飛機(jī)貿(mào)易及其政策演變（1954-1972）
發(fā)布時(shí)間：2018-10-26 16:59
【摘要】：東西方貿(mào)易管制,是美蘇冷戰(zhàn)對(duì)峙的產(chǎn)物。在巴統(tǒng)出口管制的所有產(chǎn)品中,飛機(jī)是最具代表性的物資。飛機(jī)兼具民用和軍事雙重屬性,巴統(tǒng)飛機(jī)貿(mào)易的管制和政策,集中反映了冷戰(zhàn)時(shí)期東西方貿(mào)易的基本特征。本文即是通過敘述美國和巴統(tǒng)貿(mào)易管制體系下,英國對(duì)中國的飛機(jī)貿(mào)易及其管制政策,并以此來關(guān)注和研究冷戰(zhàn)時(shí)期東西方貿(mào)易關(guān)系的相關(guān)問題。英國對(duì)中國的飛機(jī)出售及其政策變化,與冷戰(zhàn)和地區(qū)局勢(shì)密切相關(guān)。新中國的成立,與巴統(tǒng)的建立幾乎同時(shí)。民用飛機(jī)和軍用飛機(jī),開始都被納入巴統(tǒng)軍需品禁運(yùn)清單。而在巴統(tǒng)正式活動(dòng)之前,英國就開始對(duì)中國進(jìn)行飛機(jī)出口限制。朝鮮戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)結(jié)束后,冷戰(zhàn)局勢(shì)趨于緩和,美國和巴統(tǒng)的貿(mào)易管制得以放松。20世紀(jì)50年代后半期,英國飛機(jī)工業(yè)陷入發(fā)展困境,成為其推動(dòng)對(duì)華飛機(jī)出口的直接和內(nèi)部原因。而中蘇關(guān)系也在此時(shí)惡化,并影響到兩國的經(jīng)濟(jì)技術(shù)援助,包括航空產(chǎn)品和技術(shù)。中國開始將對(duì)外貿(mào)易的重心,由蘇東轉(zhuǎn)向西歐國家。正是在上述背景和條件下,英國才開啟了對(duì)中國的飛機(jī)貿(mào)易。此外,中印關(guān)系的惡化、越南戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)的形勢(shì)、中國核試驗(yàn)的成功、中英政治關(guān)系的起伏、中巴友好關(guān)系的建立、世界航空市場(chǎng)的變化、中蘇貿(mào)易關(guān)系的改善、中美兩國飛機(jī)市場(chǎng)間的聯(lián)系、中美關(guān)系的緩和等眾多因素,都不同程度地影響到了英國對(duì)中國的飛機(jī)貿(mào)易及其政策。伴隨英國對(duì)華飛機(jī)貿(mào)易及其政策的變化,中英貿(mào)易以及東西方貿(mào)易的內(nèi)容、性質(zhì)和特征也在發(fā)生著變化。總體上而言,英國的東西方貿(mào)易管制政策和力度,寬于美國而略嚴(yán)于法(西)德。在美國對(duì)華全面禁運(yùn)背景下,中國與西歐及日本貿(mào)易關(guān)系的維系,尤其是英國擴(kuò)大對(duì)華貿(mào)易的努力和實(shí)踐,對(duì)中國有著特殊且非常重要的意義。冷戰(zhàn)時(shí)期,蘇東國家和中國與西方國家貿(mào)易的不同結(jié)果,一定程度上造成了兩者在冷戰(zhàn)中的不同結(jié)局。此外,冷戰(zhàn)時(shí)期的中國對(duì)外貿(mào)易關(guān)系,尤其是中西經(jīng)濟(jì)關(guān)系的狀況,與東西方貿(mào)易的總體狀況密切相關(guān)。
[Abstract]:The East-West trade regulation was the product of the Cold War confrontation between the United States and the Soviet Union. Aircraft are the most representative of all products under export control. Aircraft has both civil and military attributes, and the control and policy of trade in Batumi aircraft reflect the basic characteristics of East-West trade during the Cold War. This paper deals with the aircraft trade and its control policy between Britain and China under the trade control system between the United States and Pakistan, so as to pay close attention to and study the issues related to the East-West trade relations during the Cold War. British aircraft sales to China and its policy changes are closely related to the cold war and the regional situation. The founding of New China was almost at the same time as the establishment of Batumi. Both civil and military aircraft were initially included in the Batumi munitions embargo list. And before the official event, Britain began to impose restrictions on aircraft exports to China. After the Korean War, the Cold War situation tended to ease, and the trade control between the United States and Pakistan was relaxed. In the second half of the 1950s, the British aircraft industry fell into a difficult position, which became the direct and internal reason to promote the export of aircraft to China. Relations between China and the Soviet Union also deteriorated at this time, affecting the two countries' economic and technical assistance, including aviation products and technology. China began to shift the focus of foreign trade from the Soviet Union to the Western European countries. It was against these background and conditions that Britain began trading aircraft with China. In addition, the deterioration of Sino-Indian relations, the situation in the Vietnam War, the success of China's nuclear tests, the ups and downs of Sino-British political relations, the establishment of friendly relations between China and Pakistan, the changes in the world aviation market, and the improvement of Sino-Soviet trade relations, Many factors, such as the relationship between China and the United States, and the relaxation of Sino-US relations, have affected British aircraft trade with China and its policies to varying degrees. With the changes of British aircraft trade with China and its policies, the contents, nature and characteristics of Sino-British trade and East-West trade are also changing. Generally speaking, the East-West trade control policy of Britain is more lenient than that of the United States and slightly stricter than that of France (West) Germany. Against the background of the American embargo on China, the maintenance of trade relations between China and Western Europe and Japan, especially the efforts and practices of Britain to expand trade with China, is of special and very important significance to China. During the Cold War, the different results of the trade between the Soviet Union and the Eastern countries and China and the Western countries, to some extent, resulted in the different outcomes of the two countries in the Cold War. In addition, China's foreign trade relations during the Cold War, especially the economic relations between China and the West, are closely related to the overall situation of East-West trade.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：華東師范大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2017
【分類號(hào)】：K561.5
本文編號(hào)：2296398
[Abstract]:The East-West trade regulation was the product of the Cold War confrontation between the United States and the Soviet Union. Aircraft are the most representative of all products under export control. Aircraft has both civil and military attributes, and the control and policy of trade in Batumi aircraft reflect the basic characteristics of East-West trade during the Cold War. This paper deals with the aircraft trade and its control policy between Britain and China under the trade control system between the United States and Pakistan, so as to pay close attention to and study the issues related to the East-West trade relations during the Cold War. British aircraft sales to China and its policy changes are closely related to the cold war and the regional situation. The founding of New China was almost at the same time as the establishment of Batumi. Both civil and military aircraft were initially included in the Batumi munitions embargo list. And before the official event, Britain began to impose restrictions on aircraft exports to China. After the Korean War, the Cold War situation tended to ease, and the trade control between the United States and Pakistan was relaxed. In the second half of the 1950s, the British aircraft industry fell into a difficult position, which became the direct and internal reason to promote the export of aircraft to China. Relations between China and the Soviet Union also deteriorated at this time, affecting the two countries' economic and technical assistance, including aviation products and technology. China began to shift the focus of foreign trade from the Soviet Union to the Western European countries. It was against these background and conditions that Britain began trading aircraft with China. In addition, the deterioration of Sino-Indian relations, the situation in the Vietnam War, the success of China's nuclear tests, the ups and downs of Sino-British political relations, the establishment of friendly relations between China and Pakistan, the changes in the world aviation market, and the improvement of Sino-Soviet trade relations, Many factors, such as the relationship between China and the United States, and the relaxation of Sino-US relations, have affected British aircraft trade with China and its policies to varying degrees. With the changes of British aircraft trade with China and its policies, the contents, nature and characteristics of Sino-British trade and East-West trade are also changing. Generally speaking, the East-West trade control policy of Britain is more lenient than that of the United States and slightly stricter than that of France (West) Germany. Against the background of the American embargo on China, the maintenance of trade relations between China and Western Europe and Japan, especially the efforts and practices of Britain to expand trade with China, is of special and very important significance to China. During the Cold War, the different results of the trade between the Soviet Union and the Eastern countries and China and the Western countries, to some extent, resulted in the different outcomes of the two countries in the Cold War. In addition, China's foreign trade relations during the Cold War, especially the economic relations between China and the West, are closely related to the overall situation of East-West trade.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：華東師范大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2017
【分類號(hào)】：K561.5
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，本文編號(hào)：2296398
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