本文選題：美國(guó) + 國(guó)家公園��； 參考：《東北師范大學(xué)》2017年博士論文

【摘要】：從19世紀(jì)中后期開(kāi)始,隨著美國(guó)西部探險(xiǎn)與開(kāi)發(fā)的不斷深入,壯美的西部荒野景觀逐漸為美國(guó)社會(huì)所關(guān)注。美國(guó)人開(kāi)始用審美的眼光來(lái)看待荒野,發(fā)現(xiàn)荒野之地除了能夠進(jìn)行森林、礦藏、水利開(kāi)發(fā),或使之變成宅地、牧場(chǎng)、農(nóng)場(chǎng)之外,還可以將其壯麗的風(fēng)景保護(hù)起來(lái),供人們休閑娛樂(lè)之用。于是,為了保護(hù)這些“原始”荒野和自然風(fēng)景,在一批社會(huì)精英的推動(dòng)下,美國(guó)掀起了一場(chǎng)聲勢(shì)浩大的國(guó)家公園運(yùn)動(dòng),黃石、約塞米蒂、冰川等一系列國(guó)家公園應(yīng)運(yùn)而生。1916年,美國(guó)國(guó)會(huì)通過(guò)《國(guó)家公園局組織法》,設(shè)立國(guó)家公園局專門(mén)負(fù)責(zé)國(guó)家公園、國(guó)家紀(jì)念地等自然、文化保護(hù)單位的管理,標(biāo)志著美國(guó)國(guó)家公園運(yùn)動(dòng)開(kāi)始進(jìn)入制度化、規(guī)范化、體系化的新時(shí)代。到1928年,美國(guó)聯(lián)邦政府首任公園局局長(zhǎng)史蒂芬·馬瑟卸任時(shí),美國(guó)國(guó)家公園及其管理體系已經(jīng)基本形成。本文將美國(guó)國(guó)家公園建設(shè)運(yùn)動(dòng)置于西部邊疆開(kāi)發(fā)終結(jié)與荒野價(jià)值觀念轉(zhuǎn)變的歷史背景下,著重從國(guó)家公園運(yùn)動(dòng)的發(fā)展與管理體制構(gòu)建的角度,考察美國(guó)早期的國(guó)家公園建設(shè)及其對(duì)生態(tài)環(huán)境和印第安人產(chǎn)生的影響。全文分為引言、正文和結(jié)語(yǔ)三個(gè)部分。引言部分介紹了本課題的研究緣起,在評(píng)述國(guó)內(nèi)外相關(guān)研究成果的基礎(chǔ)上,指出了本文的研究?jī)?nèi)容、研究意義、研究方法以及創(chuàng)新之處與不足。正文部分由四章組成,論述了美國(guó)早期的國(guó)家公園運(yùn)動(dòng)發(fā)展與管理體制構(gòu)建情況。具體內(nèi)容如下:第一章展現(xiàn)了美國(guó)國(guó)家公園運(yùn)動(dòng)興起的歷史背景,并敘述了1916年《國(guó)家公園局組織法》通過(guò)之前美國(guó)國(guó)家公園運(yùn)動(dòng)的興起與初步發(fā)展情況。19世紀(jì)以來(lái),美國(guó)工業(yè)化、城市化和西部大開(kāi)發(fā)的迅速發(fā)展致使西部荒野邊疆逐漸走向終結(jié),美國(guó)人開(kāi)始重新思考人與自然的關(guān)系,萌發(fā)了保護(hù)“原始”荒野和自然景觀的意識(shí)并付諸實(shí)踐。1872年,美國(guó)國(guó)會(huì)通過(guò)《黃石公園法》,宣告了美國(guó)亦是世界第一個(gè)國(guó)家公園的誕生,同時(shí)也正式拉開(kāi)了美國(guó)國(guó)家公園運(yùn)動(dòng)的序幕。此后,美國(guó)社會(huì)不斷嘗試將一些具有特殊風(fēng)景的荒野之地保護(hù)為國(guó)家公園,并通過(guò)《古跡法》來(lái)保護(hù)美國(guó)的文化遺產(chǎn)。第二章圍繞美國(guó)國(guó)家公園局的創(chuàng)建為核心,闡述美國(guó)國(guó)家公園管理組織化和制度化的歷史過(guò)程。隨著國(guó)家公園的陸續(xù)建立,美國(guó)國(guó)家公園管理面臨諸多問(wèn)題和挑戰(zhàn)。在內(nèi)政部,國(guó)家公園事務(wù)備受冷落,幾乎無(wú)人問(wèn)津。由于嚴(yán)重缺乏財(cái)政支持、明確的公園管理政策以及管理力量的情況下,已經(jīng)設(shè)立的各個(gè)國(guó)家公園無(wú)一例外地遭遇到了自然資源和環(huán)境破壞問(wèn)題。此外,水利、采礦、放牧等功利主義集團(tuán)也對(duì)國(guó)家公園頻頻產(chǎn)生威脅。在這樣的背景下,美國(guó)一些聯(lián)邦政府官員、民間保護(hù)主義者等有志之士開(kāi)始意識(shí)到,必須設(shè)立一個(gè)專門(mén)負(fù)責(zé)國(guó)家公園事務(wù)的聯(lián)邦行政機(jī)構(gòu)來(lái)改進(jìn)國(guó)家公園管理模式。于是,在他們的推動(dòng)下,美國(guó)很快掀起了一場(chǎng)創(chuàng)建國(guó)家公園局的運(yùn)動(dòng),并最終獲得成功�！叭R恩來(lái)信”確立了公園局的管理原則和方向,標(biāo)志著美國(guó)國(guó)家公園管理政策的確立。第三章主要闡述公園局主導(dǎo)下的美國(guó)國(guó)家公園建設(shè)及其對(duì)生態(tài)環(huán)境的影響。國(guó)家公園局建立后,公園局在局長(zhǎng)史蒂芬·馬瑟和副局長(zhǎng)霍雷斯·奧爾布賴特的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)下,極力推動(dòng)國(guó)家公園運(yùn)動(dòng)在美國(guó)西部和東部的擴(kuò)張,并逐步將歸屬于農(nóng)業(yè)部、陸軍部的國(guó)家紀(jì)念地、軍事公園、戰(zhàn)場(chǎng)等納入公園局的管轄范圍,最終促使美國(guó)國(guó)家公園體系的形成。在具體的管理實(shí)踐中,公園局一邊通過(guò)與功利主義勢(shì)力作斗爭(zhēng)、保護(hù)森林資源和野生動(dòng)物等手段,嘗試將國(guó)家公園保護(hù)在“完好無(wú)損”的狀態(tài),同時(shí)又通過(guò)旅游開(kāi)發(fā),吸引源源不斷的游客進(jìn)入國(guó)家公園之中,由此給國(guó)家公園的荒野保護(hù)帶來(lái)了諸多影響。第四章以黃石公園為主要研究對(duì)象,闡述美國(guó)國(guó)家公園建設(shè)對(duì)印第安人生活和權(quán)利產(chǎn)生的影響。國(guó)家公園土地是千百年來(lái)印第安人繁衍生息的家園,而非美國(guó)社會(huì)精英眼中的“無(wú)人定居的荒野”,美國(guó)早期的國(guó)家公園大都建構(gòu)在印第安人的家園之上。國(guó)家公園建立后,為了保護(hù)公園中的“原始荒野”并讓國(guó)人欣賞,國(guó)家公園確立了保護(hù)自然資源和發(fā)展旅游業(yè)的管理目標(biāo)。然而,印第安人傳統(tǒng)權(quán)利的延續(xù)對(duì)國(guó)家公園管理產(chǎn)生了強(qiáng)烈沖擊,于是被當(dāng)作公園破壞者而遭到驅(qū)逐。此后,為了迎合游客將國(guó)家公園視為邊疆荒野的想象,印第安人被公園管理者和旅游開(kāi)發(fā)商塑造成了重要的旅游吸引物,從而促成了作為表演者的印第安人在國(guó)家公園中的回歸。黃石印第安人的遭遇正是美國(guó)早期國(guó)家公園運(yùn)動(dòng)中印第安人命運(yùn)變遷的一個(gè)縮影。結(jié)語(yǔ)部分在歸納全文核心內(nèi)容的基礎(chǔ)上,簡(jiǎn)要描述了美國(guó)國(guó)家公園運(yùn)動(dòng)興起的意義及其對(duì)世界國(guó)家公園運(yùn)動(dòng)發(fā)展的歷史貢獻(xiàn),并對(duì)其管理的歷史經(jīng)驗(yàn)進(jìn)行了總結(jié)。
[Abstract]:Since the mid and late nineteenth Century, with the deepening of western exploration and development in the United States, the magnificent western wilderness landscape has gradually become a concern for American society. Americans begin to look at the wilderness with an aesthetic eye, and find that the wilderness is not only able to carry out forest, mineral, water development, or make it a homestead, pasture, and farm. In order to protect these "primitive" wilderness and natural landscapes, in order to protect these "primitive" wilderness and natural landscapes, a series of national parks, such as Huangshi, Yosemite and glaciers, came into being in the United States by the United States Congress, in order to protect these "primitive" wilderness and natural landscapes. "National Park bureau organization law", the establishment of the National Park bureau is specially responsible for national parks, national memorial places and other natural, cultural protection units, marking the United States National Park movement began to enter the institutionalized, standardized, systematic new era. By 1928, the United States federal government first park director Stephen Mather left office, the United States The family park and its management system have been basically formed. In this paper, the National Park Construction Movement in the United States is placed in the historical background of the end of the western frontier development and the transformation of the wilderness values. From the point of view of the development of the National Park Movement and the construction of the management system, the construction of the National Park in the early United States and its ecological environment and printing are investigated. The full text is divided into three parts: introduction, text and conclusion. The introduction introduces the origin of the research, and points out the content, significance, method and innovation of this article on the basis of reviewing the relevant research results both at home and abroad. The text is composed of four chapters, and discusses the early United States. The development of national park movement and the construction of management system. The first chapter shows the historical background of the rise of the National Park Movement in the United States and describes the industrialization, urbanization and the west of the United States since the 1916, the rise and initial development of the National Park Movement in the United States before the adoption of the National Park organization law in the.19 century. The rapid development of the great development led to the end of the western wilderness. Americans began to rethink the relationship between human and nature, sprouted the consciousness of protecting the "primitive" wilderness and natural landscape and put it into practice for.1872 years. The United States Congress declared the birth of the United States and the world's first national park through the Yellowstone National Park law. Since then, the American National Park movement has been officially opened. Since then, American society has tried to protect the wild land with special landscapes into national parks and protect American cultural heritage through the ancient monuments law. The second chapter, focusing on the creation of the National Park Bureau, expounds the organization and system of the management of national parks in the United States. With the establishment of national parks, the management of national parks in the United States faces many problems and challenges. In the Ministry of the interior, National Park affairs are getting cold and almost unwanted. There is no one in every national park that has been set up because of the serious lack of financial support, the clear policy of management of the park and the management of the park. In addition, utilitarian groups, such as water conservancy, mining, and grazing, have also threatened national parks. In this context, some federal officials, civil protectionists and other people in the United States have begun to realize that a union of national parks must be set up. The state park management model was improved by the State Administration. Thus, under their impetus, the United States quickly set off a movement to create the National Park Bureau and finally succeeded. "Ryan letter" established the management principles and direction of the park Bureau, marked the establishment of the National Park Management Policy in the United States. The third chapter mainly expounded the park Bureau. Led by the national park construction and its impact on the ecological environment, the park Bureau, under the leadership of Stephen Mather and deputy director Horace Albright, promoted the expansion of National Park Movement in the West and east of the United States and will be assigned to the Ministry of agriculture and the National Memorial of the Army Department. Land, military parks, and battlefields are incorporated into the jurisdiction of the park Bureau, which eventually leads to the formation of the National Park System in the United States. In specific management practices, the park has tried to protect the National Park in a "intact" state by fighting the utilitarian forces and protecting the forest resources and wildlife. Tourism development, attracting a steady stream of tourists into the National Park, has brought many effects on the protection of the wilderness of the National Park. The fourth chapter, taking Yellowstone National Park as the main research object, expounds the influence of the construction of the National Park on the life and rights of the Indians. Home, not the "unsettled wilderness" in the eyes of the American social elite, the early American national parks are mostly built on the homeland of the Indians. After the establishment of the National Park, the National Park has established the management goal of protecting natural resources and developing tourism in order to protect the "primitive wilderness" in the park and to let the people appreciate it. The continuation of the traditional Indian rights, however, had a strong impact on national park management, and was expelled as a park saboteurs. In order to cater for tourists to think of the National Park as a frontier wilderness, the Indians were shaped by park managers and tourist developers as an important tourist attraction. The return of the Indians as performers in the National Park. The encounter of Huangshi Indians is the epitome of the fate of the Indians in the early American National Park movement. The conclusion of the conclusion is based on the summary of the core content of the full text, and briefly describes the significance of the rise of American National Park Movement and its effect on the world national park. The historical contribution of sports development and the historical experience of its management are summarized.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：東北師范大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2017
【分類(lèi)號(hào)】：K712
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本文編號(hào)：1952123