本文選題：古埃及 + 世俗體埃及語　； 參考：《東北師范大學(xué)》2016年博士論文

【摘要】：托特神(古埃及語為Dhwty)是古代埃及宗教體系中最古老的、發(fā)展最完善的神祗之一,對于他的崇拜在古代埃及人中十分流行,而其出現(xiàn)的時間則可以被追溯到埃及文明的早期,例如前王朝時期(約公元前6000年—3100年)的一塊調(diào)色板上就已經(jīng)出現(xiàn)了代表托特神的朱鷺形象。盡管最初是一位與月亮有關(guān)的神祗,托特神在古埃及的一些宗教傳說,如奧西里斯神話和荷魯斯與塞特之爭中都扮演了保護者和調(diào)解人的重要角色。正因為如此,托特神逐漸與古埃及的死者和來世理論建立了聯(lián)系,例如他是喪葬儀式的主持者,死者進(jìn)入陰間的引導(dǎo)人,以及死者審判中的記錄人或辯護人。不過,關(guān)于托特神最廣為人知的傳說就是他被認(rèn)為是語言、文字和文學(xué)的創(chuàng)始者,也是“科學(xué)”的守護神。因此,托特神被神廟、尤其是“生命之屋”中的書吏和祭司奉為守護神,一些頌詩和祈禱詞也經(jīng)常被獻(xiàn)給這位神明。由于他還被認(rèn)為知曉世界上從基本常識到各位神祗的名字等各種知識,因而古埃及人將許多類型的文獻(xiàn),如醫(yī)學(xué)、數(shù)學(xué)等理論性著作,甚至是關(guān)于社會生活、交往禮儀的作品都視為托特神的杰作。古埃及文明的晚期,外來文化入侵埃及。而托特神及其崇拜不但被保留下來,他還與希臘的神祗赫爾墨斯融合,形成了帶有埃及和希臘兩種文化背景的赫爾墨斯·特里斯墨吉斯忒斯。自現(xiàn)代埃及學(xué)創(chuàng)立以來,托特神也成為不少埃及學(xué)家研究的對象。諸如萊普修斯、布施、馬斯佩羅、皮奇曼、博伊蘭、布里克、德爾闡·烏泰爾、斯達(dá)德勒等人都先后對其進(jìn)行了不同角度的研究。然而,由于缺乏相關(guān)的文獻(xiàn)及考古證據(jù),關(guān)于托特神的很多問題仍然沒有得到圓滿的解答�，F(xiàn)在,這一切或因為理查德·加斯諾和卡爾·西奧多·曹齊希的研究而發(fā)生變化。2005年,兩位學(xué)者將他們數(shù)十年的研究成果集籍出版,并命名為《托特之書》。書中主要包括了眾多來自希臘羅馬統(tǒng)治時期的世俗體埃及語文獻(xiàn),內(nèi)容主要是一位神祗(多為托特神)和弟子間一系列涉及古埃及文化及宗教傳統(tǒng)的對話。這其中既包括了對書寫技能和工具的描寫,又出現(xiàn)了不少古埃及喪葬文獻(xiàn)中對于神的職責(zé)、獻(xiàn)祭儀式和節(jié)日、陰間的地名、物產(chǎn)和居民的描寫,以及某些抽象的概念如“舒神的臂膀”等。此外,銘文中的某些內(nèi)容,如對于托特和塞莎特女神的稱謂,以及對荷魯斯神攻擊河馬、烏龜和羚羊的描寫也顯示出它與伊德夫地區(qū)宗教傳統(tǒng)的聯(lián)系。最后,《托特之書》與同時期的赫爾墨斯文獻(xiàn)之間存在的關(guān)聯(lián)也為我們更好的了解這一時期古埃及與古希臘文化的交流和融合提供了嶄新的研究視角。
[Abstract]:The Totter (in ancient Egyptian) is one of the oldest and most developed gods in the ancient Egyptian religious system. His worship was very popular among the ancient Egyptians, and its emergence can be traced back to the early days of Egyptian civilization. For example, a palette in the pre-dynasty period (about 6, 000 BC-310 BC) already represented the Ibis of Totter. Although originally a moon-related god, Totter played an important role as protector and mediator in ancient Egyptian religious legends, such as Osiris mythology and Horus' contention with Seth. As a result, Totter gradually became associated with the dead and afterlife theories of ancient Egypt, for example, he was the presiding officer of the funeral ceremony, the guide of the deceased to the grave, and the recorder or defender of the deceased's trial. However, Totter is best known as the founder of language, writing and literature, and the patron saint of science. As a result, Totter was patron saint of the temple, especially the House of Life, and a number of verses and prayers were often dedicated to the god. Since he was also believed to know everything from basic knowledge to the names of the gods in the world, the ancient Egyptians devoted many types of literature, such as medical, mathematical and theoretical works, even to social life, The works of social etiquette are regarded as the masterpieces of Totter. In the late period of ancient Egyptian civilization, foreign cultures invaded Egypt. Totter and his worship were not only preserved, but also merged with the Greek god Hermes, forming Hermes Trismexes with two cultural backgrounds: Egypt and Greece. Since the founding of modern Egyptology, Totter has also become the subject of many Egyptian scientists. Such as Leipseus, Busch, Masperot, Pichmann, Boilan, Brick, Del Shantaire, Stadler and so on have carried on the different angle research. However, due to the lack of relevant literature and archaeological evidence, many questions about Totter remain unanswered. Now, that may have changed because of the work of Richard Garnowe and Carl Theodore Caozig, who published their decades of research in 2005 and named it the Book of Totters. The book mainly includes a lot of secular Egyptian documents from the period of Greek and Roman rule. The main content is a series of dialogues between a deity (mostly Totte) and his disciples concerning ancient Egyptian culture and religious traditions. This includes a description of writing skills and tools, as well as a number of ancient Egyptian funeral documents describing the duties of God, sacrifice ceremonies and festivals, the place names of the underworld, the property and the inhabitants. And some abstract concepts such as "soothing the arms of God" and so on. In addition, some of the inscriptions, such as the names of the Totter and the Sesat Goddess, as well as the description of the Horus attacking hippopotamus, tortoise and antelope also show its connection with the religious traditions of the Yidf region. Finally, the relationship between the book of Tote and the Helmers literature of the same period also provides a new perspective for us to better understand the exchange and integration of ancient Egyptian and Greek cultures in this period.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：東北師范大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2016
【分類號】：K411.2
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本文編號：1946319