本文選題：金代 + 生活�。� 參考：《西北大學(xué)》2016年博士論文

【摘要】：10-13世紀(jì)是中國古代一個(gè)碰撞、融合的歷史時(shí)期,飲食作為人類生存和發(fā)展的物質(zhì)基礎(chǔ),是社會生活的最基本形式之一,也深受歷史環(huán)境的影響。女真人崛起于“白山、黑水”的東北地區(qū),歷經(jīng)征戰(zhàn)收繼了遼、北宋的大片領(lǐng)土,逐漸將金朝的領(lǐng)土范圍拓展至秦嶺、淮河一線,統(tǒng)治了中國北方半壁疆域,因而金代飲食生活也吸收了遼和北宋的飲食習(xí)俗。金朝同時(shí)與遼、宋、西夏、蒙古等政權(quán)有著激烈的對峙、頻繁的交流,這也對金代的飲食生活產(chǎn)生了重要的影響。總之,從整體上看,金代的飲食生活具有多民族飲食融合的特點(diǎn)。金代飲食生活較為豐富。首先,飲食種類豐富。金朝疆域廣博,物產(chǎn)豐富,多民族雜居,隨著社會經(jīng)濟(jì)的發(fā)展,金代逐步形成了以緲、粥、面食、糕點(diǎn)等為主食,以肉乳、蔬菜、瓜果、調(diào)味品等為副食,以水、酒、茶、乳、湯等為飲品的豐富飲食種類,并且向以農(nóng)產(chǎn)品為主的趨勢發(fā)展。其次,飲食加工和烹制進(jìn)一步促進(jìn)飲食生活的豐富。隨著顆粒類糧食在飲食中逐漸占據(jù)主導(dǎo)地位,與飲食加工相關(guān)的磨、礱、杵臼和碓等工具得以普及和改進(jìn),烹制方式也由早期粗放的燔、烹、煮或生臠等,發(fā)展至針對谷物、肉乳、蔬菜、飲品而采用的蒸、煮、煎、烤、腌漬等烹制方式,使得食物烹制更加精細(xì)和講究。最后,金代飲食習(xí)俗不斷融合發(fā)展。在女真族傳統(tǒng)飲食基礎(chǔ)之上,通過女真、契丹、漢、渤海、奚等各民族的交流,在日常餐制與座次、歲時(shí)節(jié)日、人生禮儀等方面融合了遼、宋社會的飲食習(xí)俗,逐漸產(chǎn)生了飲食娛樂、飲食治療、飲食營養(yǎng)等思想,展現(xiàn)了金人對飲食有了進(jìn)一步的認(rèn)識,拓深了飲食文化。金代的飲食器具頗具特點(diǎn)。飲食器具種類、質(zhì)地的變遷發(fā)展得益于民族交流與融合,并推動了金代飲食方式的變遷。早期主要使用木質(zhì)的盤、ij、碗等較為簡陋的飲食器具,隨著金代陶瓷業(yè)的進(jìn)一步發(fā)展,出現(xiàn)了碗、盆、盤、罐、瓶等陶瓷盛食器,盞、杯、盅、壺等陶瓷飲具。在具體的使用過程中,逐漸形成了以匕、箸、勺、匙等多種進(jìn)食工具搭配使用的進(jìn)餐方式。從社會的角度來看金代飲食生活,其一,具有很強(qiáng)的階層性差異。金代社會有皇室、官僚、富者、平民等階層,統(tǒng)治階層和富者飲食注重享受、娛樂和尊卑,平民百姓則常以野菜、糠米果腹,飲食階層性差異較為明顯。另外,金人在平日居家、宴飲、宗教信仰等方面所使用的飲食器具,也體現(xiàn)了金代飲食生活的階層性差異。其二,各民族飲食文化的融合較為明顯。金代飲食方式為聚眾合餐而食,食餐制為兩餐制與三餐制并存,是宋遼金時(shí)期飲食的時(shí)代特色。隨著金代社會的穩(wěn)定以及民族融合的加深,在各階層中出現(xiàn)了較多的開芳宴、散樂侍酒宴等,從而顯示出金代宴飲的世俗化特點(diǎn)。金代飲食文化歷經(jīng)百年的多民族融合與沉淀,在中國古代飲食史發(fā)展中具有承上啟下的重要地位,也無疑為元明統(tǒng)一政權(quán)的多民族飲食文化奠定了基礎(chǔ)。
[Abstract]:The 10-13 century is a historical period of collision and fusion in ancient China. Diet, as the material basis of human existence and development, is one of the most basic forms of social life and deeply influenced by historical environment. The real woman rose in the northeast area of "White Mountain and Black Water". After the war, she gradually extended the territory of Jin Dynasty to the Qinling Mountains, the Huaihe River, and ruled the territory of the northern half of China after the Liao Dynasty and the Northern Song Dynasty. As a result, dietary life in Jin Dynasty also absorbed the dietary customs of Liao and Northern Song dynasties. At the same time, Jin Dynasty and Liao, Song, Xixia, Mongolia and other regimes had fierce confrontation and frequent exchanges, which also had an important impact on the diet and life of Jin Dynasty. In short, from the overall point of view, the Jin Dynasty food life with the characteristics of multi-ethnic diet integration. Jin Dynasty is rich in diet and life. First of all, the diet is rich in variety. With the development of society and economy, Jin Dynasty gradually took the mute, porridge, pasta and pastry as the main food, meat and milk, vegetables, melon and fruit as non-staple food, water, wine, tea, milk, etc. Soup is the rich diet of drinks, and to the trend of agricultural products. Secondly, food processing and cooking further promote the richness of dietary life. As grain gradually became dominant in the diet, tools related to dietary processing, such as grinding, spinning, pestle and pestle, were popularized and improved, and cooking methods evolved from early extensive burnt, cooking, cooking or cooking to cereals. Steaming, boiling, frying, roasting and pickling make food more refined and exquisite. Finally, the Jin Dynasty diet customs continue to integrate and develop. On the basis of the traditional diet of the Nuzhen nationality, through the exchange of Nu Zhen, Qidan, Han, Bohai Sea, Xi and other ethnic groups, the daily meal system and seating order, the festival at the age of years, the life etiquette and other aspects of the catering customs of Liao and Song dynasties were integrated. Gradually, food entertainment, diet therapy, diet nutrition and other ideas have emerged, showing the Jin people have a further understanding of diet, and expand the diet culture. The eating utensils of Jin Dynasty are quite characteristic. The variety and texture of food utensils developed from the national communication and fusion, and promoted the changes of diet style in Jin Dynasty. In the early years, the main use of wooden dishes, bowls and other relatively simple eating utensils, with the further development of the ceramic industry in the Jin Dynasty, the emergence of bowls, pots, bottles and other ceramic food containers, cups, pots, pots and other ceramic drinking utensils. In the specific use process, gradually formed with the dagger, chopsticks, spoon, spoon and other eating tools with the use of food. From the social point of view, the Jin Dynasty dietary life, one, with a strong class differences. In Jin Dynasty, there were royal family, bureaucrats, rich people, common people and so on. The ruling class and rich people paid attention to enjoyment, entertainment and inferiority, while ordinary people often used wild herbs, bran rice to eat, and the difference of food stratum was obvious. In addition, the food utensils used by Jin people in family, banquets and religious beliefs also reflected the stratification difference of dietary life in Jin Dynasty. Second, the integration of various ethnic food culture is more obvious. The food style of Jin Dynasty is to gather the masses to eat, and the food system is the coexistence of two and three meals, which is the characteristic of the times of the Song, Liao and Jin dynasties. With the stability of the Jin Dynasty society and the deepening of the national integration, there appeared more Kaifang banquets and wine banquets in various strata, which showed the secular characteristics of the banquets in the Jin Dynasty. After a hundred years of multi-national integration and precipitation, the food culture of Jin Dynasty has played an important role in the development of the ancient Chinese diet history, and has undoubtedly laid the foundation for the multi-ethnic diet culture of the unified regime of Yuan and Ming dynasties.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：西北大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2016
【分類號】：TS971;K246.4
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本文編號：1913201