本文選題：社會階層 + 系統(tǒng)合理信念　； 參考：《華中師范大學(xué)》2017年博士論文

【摘要】：近年來中國經(jīng)濟(jì)保持了平穩(wěn)較快增長的態(tài)勢,但與此同時(shí)貧富差距較大的情況依然嚴(yán)峻,并且不同社會階層之間的縱向流動也表現(xiàn)出了相對困難的形勢。在這樣的社會背景之下,深入地了解不同社會階層民眾對于社會系統(tǒng)的態(tài)度及其形成的心理機(jī)制,是非常有必要的。在心理學(xué)過往的研究中,關(guān)注這一領(lǐng)域的研究已經(jīng)有了一定的積累,但是結(jié)論并不統(tǒng)一。作為近年來在該領(lǐng)域影響很大的理論,系統(tǒng)合理化理論曾經(jīng)提出過這樣一個(gè)觀點(diǎn),它認(rèn)為低階層者比高階層者系統(tǒng)合理信念更高,也就是說低階層比高階層個(gè)體更認(rèn)可系統(tǒng)的合理性,更認(rèn)為社會是公平的、合理的、正當(dāng)?shù)?這一觀點(diǎn)被稱為階層合理性假說。然而,很多研究并不支持階層合理性假說,反倒發(fā)現(xiàn)低階層者的系統(tǒng)合理信念更低。除了階層預(yù)測系統(tǒng)合理信念的效應(yīng)備受爭議之外,階層預(yù)測系統(tǒng)合理信念的心理機(jī)制也很不明確�；诖�,本研究立足于最新的文獻(xiàn),梳理出了兩條可能存在的心理路徑,并且開展了四個(gè)研究(共包括9個(gè)子研究)來考察階層預(yù)測系統(tǒng)合理信念的效應(yīng)究竟如何,以及這一效應(yīng)的心理機(jī)制是怎樣的。研究一并沒有涉及社會階層預(yù)測系統(tǒng)合理信念的心理機(jī)制問題,而僅僅考察社會階層預(yù)測系統(tǒng)合理信念的總效應(yīng),也即對階層合理性假說成立與否進(jìn)行中國樣本的檢驗(yàn)。子研究1運(yùn)用中國綜合社會調(diào)查(Chinese General Social Survey,CGSS)的大樣本數(shù)據(jù)來檢驗(yàn)社會階層與系統(tǒng)合理信念的關(guān)系,子研究2通過實(shí)驗(yàn)操縱主觀階層來考察其對于系統(tǒng)合理信念的影響,兩個(gè)子研究結(jié)果一致表明,低階層者的系統(tǒng)合理信念更低。研究二包括子研究3和子研究4,對于階層預(yù)測系統(tǒng)合理信念的歸因機(jī)制做出了揭示,即考察階層是否通過控制感、再通過貧富歸因,進(jìn)而預(yù)測系統(tǒng)合理信念。兩子研究通過選取不同來源的樣本,來對此問題做出重復(fù)的驗(yàn)證,結(jié)果兩個(gè)研究一致性地支持了社會階層—控制感—貧富歸因—系統(tǒng)合理信念之間存在鏈?zhǔn)街薪樽饔?也就是說,低階層者控制感更低,進(jìn)而使得他們在對于貧富分化進(jìn)行歸因的時(shí)候,有更少的內(nèi)部歸因傾向,并由此形成了較低的系統(tǒng)合理信念。這一路徑顯示了社會階層通過控制感正向預(yù)測系統(tǒng)合理信念的心理過程。研究三揭示了控制感預(yù)測系統(tǒng)合理信念的另一種可能的機(jī)制即補(bǔ)償路徑。根據(jù)補(bǔ)償性控制理論的觀點(diǎn),低控制感會使個(gè)體產(chǎn)生秩序需求的傾向,這種傾向會導(dǎo)致系統(tǒng)合理信念的升高。然而本研究認(rèn)為,只有在階層流動知覺較高的情況下,秩序需求傾向才會指向更高的系統(tǒng)合理信念,因?yàn)樵陔A層流動知覺較高時(shí)個(gè)體才會更傾向于認(rèn)為社會是有秩序的。因此研究三假設(shè)階層流動知覺會通過調(diào)節(jié)秩序需求預(yù)測系統(tǒng)合理信念的效應(yīng),進(jìn)而調(diào)節(jié)控制感預(yù)測系統(tǒng)合理信念的效應(yīng)。研究三通過4個(gè)子研究層層展開。首先子研究5表明,階層流動確實(shí)能夠給人帶來更強(qiáng)的秩序感。子研究6和子研究7通過兩個(gè)實(shí)驗(yàn)表明,階層流動知覺對于控制感與系統(tǒng)合理信念關(guān)系確實(shí)具有調(diào)節(jié)作用,當(dāng)階層流動知覺較低時(shí),控制感正向預(yù)測系統(tǒng)合理信念;而當(dāng)階層流動知覺較高時(shí),控制感與系統(tǒng)合理信念無關(guān)。在此基礎(chǔ)上子研究8通過構(gòu)建有中介的調(diào)節(jié)模型,比較完整地揭示了補(bǔ)償機(jī)制的全過程:低控制感個(gè)體的秩序需求傾向會增加,當(dāng)處于低階層流動知覺水平時(shí),秩序需求傾向與系統(tǒng)合理信念無關(guān);而當(dāng)處于高階層流動知覺水平時(shí),秩序需求傾向越高,則系統(tǒng)合理信念越高。研究四即子研究9,通過對593位非學(xué)生的成年被試進(jìn)行數(shù)據(jù)調(diào)查,結(jié)合了歸因路徑、補(bǔ)償路徑包括邊界條件,構(gòu)建了階層預(yù)測系統(tǒng)合理信念的總模型。綜合考慮歸因路徑與補(bǔ)償路徑,可以將社會階層預(yù)測系統(tǒng)合理信念的作用機(jī)制及其模型描述如下。首先社會階層正向預(yù)測控制感,而控制感預(yù)測系統(tǒng)合理信念存在歸因路徑與補(bǔ)償路徑兩種機(jī)制,并且受到階層流動知覺的調(diào)節(jié)作用:當(dāng)階層流動知覺較低時(shí),只有歸因路徑成立而補(bǔ)償路徑不成立,控制感通過貧富歸因正向預(yù)測系統(tǒng)合理信念;而當(dāng)階層流動知覺較高時(shí),歸因路徑與補(bǔ)償路徑均成立,但二者效應(yīng)符號相反,歸因路徑的間接效應(yīng)為正值,補(bǔ)償路徑的間接效應(yīng)為負(fù)值,兩條路徑有一定的互相抵消作用,故而控制感預(yù)測系統(tǒng)合理信念作用不顯著。總體來看,社會階層預(yù)測系統(tǒng)合理信念的總效應(yīng)成立,且為正,也即社會階層越低,系統(tǒng)合理信念越低,這一結(jié)果并沒有支持階層合理性假說的觀點(diǎn)。本研究結(jié)果對于相關(guān)研究領(lǐng)域有一定的啟示意義。首先,利用中國本土化樣本,得出了與階層合理性假說相反的結(jié)果,提示該觀點(diǎn)的跨文化適用性值得注意。其次,本研究將系統(tǒng)合理化理論中的補(bǔ)償視角與的歸因視角相結(jié)合,發(fā)現(xiàn)歸因與補(bǔ)償這兩種機(jī)制確實(shí)是并存的,而且存在相反的效應(yīng),可以在一定條件下相互抵消,這一結(jié)果對于揭示階層預(yù)測系統(tǒng)合理信念的心理機(jī)制,與前人研究相較有了非常大的推進(jìn)。最后,對于補(bǔ)償性控制理論所指出的低控制感導(dǎo)致系統(tǒng)合理信念提升,本研究發(fā)現(xiàn)階層流動知覺可以作為此效應(yīng)的調(diào)節(jié)變量。這不僅對于深化該理論觀點(diǎn)有所貢獻(xiàn),而且也有著重要的現(xiàn)實(shí)意義:對于那些控制感較低的低階層者而言,只有讓他們感到社會階層的流動是通暢的,他們才會提升對于社會系統(tǒng)的認(rèn)可程度。通過這一角度,本研究提示管理者健全社會流動機(jī)制對于社會穩(wěn)定的重要意義。
[Abstract]:In recent years, China's economy has maintained a steady and rapid growth trend, but at the same time the gap between the rich and the poor is still severe, and the vertical flow between different social strata has also shown a relatively difficult situation. The psychological mechanism of formation is very necessary. In the study of psychological past, there has been a certain accumulation of attention in this field, but the conclusion is not unified. As a theory which has been greatly influenced in this field in recent years, the theory of systematic rationalization has once put forward such a view that the lower class is more than the higher class. The reasonable belief is higher, that is to say that the lower class is more reasonable than the high class individual, and that the society is fair, reasonable and justified. This view is called the stratum rationality hypothesis. However, many studies do not support the stratum rationality hypothesis, but find that the low class people have lower rational belief. In addition, the psychological mechanism of the reasonable belief of the class prediction system is not clear. Based on the latest literature, this study has combed out two possible psychological paths and carried out four studies (including 9 sub Studies) to examine the effectiveness of the reasonable belief of the class prediction system. What is it, and what is the psychological mechanism of this effect. The study does not involve the psychological mechanism of the reasonable belief of the social stratum prediction system, but only the general effect of the reasonable belief of the social stratum prediction system, that is, the test of the Chinese sample for the establishment of the hypothesis of the stratum rationality. The 1 Application of the sub study. The large sample data of Chinese General Social Survey (CGSS) was used to test the relationship between social stratum and the rational belief of the system. Sub study 2 examined the influence of the subjective class on the rational belief of the system by experiment manipulating the subjective class. The results of the two sub studies showed that the lower class's rational belief was lower. The study of the two packages was two packets. The study 3 and the sub study 4, the attribution mechanism of the reasonable belief of the class prediction system is revealed, that is, whether the survey stratum passes the sense of control, and then through the poor and the rich attribution, and then predicts the reasonable belief of the system. The two studies make repeated verification of the problem by selecting samples from different sources, and the results of the two studies are consistent. It supports the social stratum - the sense of control - the attribution of the rich and the poor - the chain mediator between the rational belief of the system, that is to say, the lower stratum has a lower sense of control so that they have less internal attribution when they are attributable to the polarization of the rich and the poor, and thus form a lower system reasonable belief. This path shows that A psychological process for the social stratum to predict the rational belief of the system through the sense of control. Study three reveals another possible mechanism for the rational belief of the control sense forecasting system, namely the compensation path. According to the theory of compensatory control, the low sense of control will lead to the tendency of the individual to produce the order of order, which will lead to the rational belief of the system. However, this study believes that only when the perception of class flow is higher, the tendency of order demand will point to a higher system of rational belief, because the individual is more inclined to think that the society is orderly when the perception of the class flow is high. The effect of rational belief is unified, and the effect of the rational belief of the control sense prediction system is adjusted. Study three is carried out through 4 sub studies. First, the sub study 5 shows that class flow does bring a stronger sense of order. Sub study 6 and sub study 7 show that class flow perception is reasonable for control and system by two experiments. When the perception of the class flow is low, the sense of control is forward to the reasonable belief of the system, while the sense of control is not related to the rational belief of the system when the perception of the class flow is high. On this basis, subresearch 8 reveals the whole process of the compensation mechanism through the construction of a mediating adjustment model: the sense of low control. The tendency of the individual's order of order will increase. When it is at the low level of perception, the tendency of order demand is irrelevant to the rational belief of the system. While in the high level of perception, the higher the tendency of order demand is, the higher the reasonable belief of the system is, the study four is 9 of the sub study, through the data investigation of 593 non students' adult subjects. Combining the attribution path, the compensation path includes the boundary conditions, and the overall model of the reasonable belief of the class prediction system is constructed. Considering the attribution path and the compensation path, the action mechanism and the model of the social stratum prediction system can be described as follows. First, the social order is forward predictive control, and the control sense prediction system is combined. There are two mechanisms of attribution path and compensation path, and it is regulated by the perception of stratum flow: when the perception of stratum flow is low, only the attribution path is established and the compensation path is not established, and the sense of control is attributable to the rational belief of the positive prediction system through the poor and rich attribution; and the attribution path and compensation path are higher when the perception of the class flow is higher. But the two effect symbols are opposite, the indirect effect of the attribution path is positive, the indirect effect of the compensation path is negative, the two paths have a certain counteraction, so the effect of the reasonable belief of the control sense prediction system is not significant. The lower the social class, the lower the rational belief of the system, the result does not support the viewpoint of the stratum rationality hypothesis. The results of this study have some implications for the related research fields. First, the Chinese localization samples are used to get the result of the contrary to the stratum rationality hypothesis, which suggests that the cross-cultural applicability of this viewpoint is worthy of attention. Secondly, this study combines the compensation perspective and the attribution perspective in the theory of system rationalization, and finds that the two mechanisms of attribution and compensation do coexist, and there is the opposite effect, which can be counteracted under certain conditions. This result is a comparison of the psychological mechanism of revealing the reasonable belief of the class prediction system and the previous research. In the end, the low control sense pointed out by the compensatory control theory leads to the improvement of the rational belief of the system. This study finds that the perception of class flow can be used as an adjustment variable of this effect. This not only contributes to this theory, but also has important practical significance: the lower control sense is lower. In the lower class, only by making them feel the flow of social strata is smooth, they will increase the degree of recognition of the social system. Through this angle, this study suggests that the manager's sound social mobility mechanism is important to social stability.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：華中師范大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2017
【分類號】：B848

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