本文選題：居家老年人 + 人際幸福感��； 參考：《西南大學(xué)》2016年博士論文

【摘要】：自我國步入老齡化社會(huì)以來,面對(duì)老年人口規(guī)模大,老齡化速度快,未富先老,空巢老人比例過半等特點(diǎn),如何保障老年人的幸福生活就變成了各級(jí)政府及每個(gè)家庭必須面對(duì)的現(xiàn)實(shí)挑戰(zhàn)。居家養(yǎng)老能夠讓老年人在自己熟悉的環(huán)境中生活,老年人的生活得以正常化和常態(tài)化,居家養(yǎng)老的社區(qū)是老年人日�；顒�(dòng)及人際關(guān)系網(wǎng)絡(luò)的中心,具有能夠?qū)⒄�、家庭、社�?huì)的資源整合在一起的得天獨(dú)厚的優(yōu)勢。本研究將結(jié)合我國老齡化的特點(diǎn),從我國社會(huì)文化和歷史背景出發(fā),采用中國化研究的思路,探討居家老年人的人際幸福感的內(nèi)涵,編制測量工具,分析居家老年人人際幸福感的特點(diǎn)及影響因素,在此基礎(chǔ)上提出提升居家老年人人際幸福感的對(duì)策及建議,為提升社區(qū)居家老年人的生活質(zhì)量服務(wù)。第一部分是文獻(xiàn)綜述及問題提出部分。從老齡化與居家養(yǎng)老、幸福感與人際幸福感兩個(gè)方面進(jìn)行文獻(xiàn)綜述。目前對(duì)居家老年人的研究存在的問題主要表現(xiàn)在,對(duì)影響老年人幸福生活的因素系統(tǒng)分析不夠,強(qiáng)調(diào)對(duì)老年人提供支持的多,探討老年人社會(huì)參與的少。在幸福感研究方面,研究者發(fā)現(xiàn)幸福感的內(nèi)涵存在文化差異,然而,中國文化背景會(huì)對(duì)居家老年人的人際幸福感產(chǎn)生什么樣的影響尚無研究涉及,因此,本研究問題的提出以文化因素對(duì)幸福感的影響為切入點(diǎn),對(duì)居家老年人的人際幸福感的內(nèi)涵及結(jié)構(gòu)進(jìn)行中國化分析,提出提升居家老年人的人際幸福感在解決居家養(yǎng)老問題時(shí)所具有的重要意義。第二部分是居家老年人人際幸福感結(jié)構(gòu)的探索性研究,包括研究一、研究二。中國人的人際幸福感受傳統(tǒng)文化的影響所呈現(xiàn)出的特色,集中表現(xiàn)在以“仁”為代表的傳統(tǒng)儒家文化中。研究一對(duì)基于“仁”的人際幸福感內(nèi)涵進(jìn)行了扎根研究。研究對(duì)象以《論語》、《禮記》、《孟子》三本儒學(xué)經(jīng)典名著中提到的213次“仁”的人際幸福感內(nèi)涵,進(jìn)行自下而上的三層編碼,開放式編碼,關(guān)聯(lián)編碼,直到核心編碼形成模型。在模型建構(gòu)過程中,根據(jù)原著對(duì)傳統(tǒng)“仁”的人際幸福感含義得出初步理論假設(shè),再經(jīng)過進(jìn)一步查閱典籍驗(yàn)證假設(shè)、修正假設(shè),直至理論飽和。結(jié)果顯示:基于“仁”的人際幸福感內(nèi)涵具有修己、安人、人我相通的特點(diǎn)。修己包括關(guān)聯(lián)式編碼自立、自尊、自制、有為、溫和靜安等五個(gè)方面的內(nèi)容;安人由愛人、公正、禮、平治天下、同情心等五個(gè)方面的內(nèi)容組成。人我相通包括內(nèi)外雙修、推己及人兩個(gè)方面的內(nèi)容。研究二采用深度訪談法,對(duì)居家老年人的人際幸福感進(jìn)行了質(zhì)性研究,對(duì)居家老年人的人際幸福感指標(biāo)體系進(jìn)行了初步建構(gòu)。個(gè)別訪談涉及不同職業(yè)經(jīng)歷、不同性別、不同經(jīng)濟(jì)水平的老年人27人。質(zhì)化分析結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn),居家老年人的人際幸福感主要表現(xiàn)為與人相處時(shí),體驗(yàn)到的人際滿意感及人際價(jià)值感,社區(qū)居家老年人的人際幸福感構(gòu)成為人際滿意感和人際價(jià)值感,其中人際滿意感來源于親人、鄰里/朋友、社會(huì)的支持,人際價(jià)值感來源于個(gè)人取向、家庭取向、社會(huì)取向三個(gè)方面的社會(huì)參與。居家老年人人際幸福感的結(jié)構(gòu)體現(xiàn)了以修己、安人、人我相通為特征的基于“仁”的人際幸福感內(nèi)涵。第三部分是居家老年人人際幸福感問卷的編制及信效度檢驗(yàn),包括研究三和研究四。研究三在研究二的基礎(chǔ)上初步建立了居家老年人的人際幸福感的理論框架,編制了相應(yīng)的題項(xiàng),采取封閉式問卷進(jìn)行調(diào)查,在對(duì)預(yù)測問卷多次的探索性因素分析后編制出了初測問卷,再對(duì)初測問卷進(jìn)行項(xiàng)目分析與與因素分析,編制出包含2個(gè)維度,共9個(gè)項(xiàng)目的居家老年人人際幸福感的正式問卷。研究四對(duì)居家老年人的人際幸福感正式問卷進(jìn)行了信效度檢驗(yàn),使用的工具包括總體城市幸福指數(shù)問卷、生活滿意度量表、情緒lap量表。數(shù)據(jù)表明:居家老年人的人際幸福感的總體及各維度都具有符合心理測量學(xué)要求的信效度水平,量表的內(nèi)容效度、構(gòu)念效度、效標(biāo)效度都較佳,居家老年人人際幸福感問卷能夠測到我們的理論構(gòu)想所期望測到的心理特征。第四部分居家老年人人際幸福感特點(diǎn)分析,包括研究五。研究五采取多因素方差分析系統(tǒng)考查了人口學(xué)變量(年齡、性別、健康狀況、經(jīng)濟(jì)狀況)、人際關(guān)系變量(婚姻狀況、子女情況、每日交往數(shù)量)對(duì)居家老年人的人際幸福感的影響。研究結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn),不同的健康狀況、經(jīng)濟(jì)狀況、婚姻狀況、子女狀況、交往數(shù)量居家老年人的人際幸福感差異顯著,具體表現(xiàn)在:1.月收入在一千元及以下的被試在總分及人際滿意感上的得分顯著低于月收入在一千元以上的被試的得分;2.健康狀況方面,能完全自理的被試在總分與兩個(gè)維度上的得分顯著高于半自理,需要有人照顧被試的得分;3.在婚姻狀況方面,有配偶的被試在總分與兩個(gè)維度上的得分顯著高于喪偶及未婚的被試的得分;4.在子女狀況方面,子女在身邊的被試在總分及人際滿意感得分顯著高于子女不在身邊的被試的得分;5.在每日交往數(shù)量方面,平均每天與4-10人以上的人說過話的被試在總分與兩個(gè)維度上的得分顯著高于平均每天與3人及以下的人說過話的被試的得分。通過分析比較上述的研究結(jié)果,研究獲得了以下結(jié)論:1.本研究初步完成了居家老年人人際幸福感問卷的建構(gòu)工作,該問卷包含人際滿意感及人際價(jià)值感兩個(gè)維度。因素分析證明該問卷的結(jié)構(gòu)較為合理,信效度指標(biāo)均達(dá)到了心理測量學(xué)的要求,可以作為居家老年人人際幸福感的測量工具。2.居家老年人的人際幸福感在健康狀況、經(jīng)濟(jì)狀況、婚姻狀況、子女情況、交往數(shù)量等方面都存在顯著差異,不同經(jīng)濟(jì)狀況、不同健康狀況、不同婚姻狀況、不同子女狀況、不同交往數(shù)量的居家老年人在人際幸福感上得分不同。3.居家老年人以人際滿意感及人際價(jià)值感兩個(gè)維度為核心的人際關(guān)系幸福感符合修己、安人、人我相通為特征的基于“仁”的人際幸福感理論。根據(jù)研究結(jié)論,我們的政策建議為:1.由于人際幸福感的雙向性,以及注重自我修養(yǎng)的特點(diǎn),加大對(duì)低齡和即將進(jìn)入老年期的人們的自我修養(yǎng)教育,重視提高他們?cè)谕榘�、自制有為等方面的能�?增強(qiáng)自我意義感,調(diào)整好心態(tài),知足常樂。2.充分發(fā)揮老年人的人際關(guān)系網(wǎng)絡(luò)的支持作用,尤其是老年人身邊的子女、配偶、社區(qū)鄰里關(guān)系在滿足老年人不同需求方面發(fā)揮好各自不同的作用,給老年人營造溫暖舒適的生活空間。3.提高老年人的社會(huì)參與性。不同程度的社會(huì)參與都能給社區(qū)居家老年人帶來人際價(jià)值感。小范圍的社會(huì)參與有個(gè)人的修身養(yǎng)性,例如,自我照顧、把生活過得有趣充實(shí);中等程度的社會(huì)參有對(duì)家庭的貢獻(xiàn),例如,照顧家人;更大范圍的社會(huì)參與包括與包括那些繼續(xù)從事自己的本職工作,繼續(xù)為社會(huì)服務(wù)的社區(qū)居家老年人,拓寬老年人的就業(yè)渠道,開發(fā)健康、有能力、有意愿參與社會(huì)服務(wù)的老年人力資源,促進(jìn)老年人人際價(jià)值感的提高。4.在政府投入有限的情況下,應(yīng)對(duì)老年人進(jìn)行系統(tǒng)地分層,更多地關(guān)注低齡、高齡老年人、離婚、喪偶、獨(dú)居、空巢的老年人、經(jīng)濟(jì)狀況差、教育水平低的老年人、患有疾病,需要有人照顧的老年人,注重提高他們的幸福感,構(gòu)建他們的人際交往圈子,在尊重老年人個(gè)人的意愿前提下,在數(shù)量上確保每天有三人以上的交際量,在質(zhì)量上注意與不同層面的人交流、接觸。本研究的主要?jiǎng)?chuàng)新點(diǎn)在于研究思路立意具有中國化特色,嘗試把現(xiàn)代測量學(xué)方法與傳統(tǒng)文化中的價(jià)值結(jié)合,發(fā)掘出適合理解中國人際幸福感的理論模型。研究方法多元化,具體在數(shù)據(jù)收集上受用了訪談、文獻(xiàn)、社會(huì)調(diào)查、問卷等,在數(shù)據(jù)分析上使用了質(zhì)性、量化多種手段。在中國傳統(tǒng)文化背景中提煉出基于“仁”的人際幸福感理論,并通過實(shí)證研究獲得了居家老年人人際幸福感的內(nèi)涵結(jié)構(gòu),編制了居家老年人人際幸福感自評(píng)問卷,并對(duì)居家老年人的人際幸福感的影響因素及特點(diǎn)進(jìn)行了分析。但量表的編制是一項(xiàng)長期的工作,今后會(huì)隨著對(duì)中國化的理論發(fā)展和居家養(yǎng)老的實(shí)踐需要,不斷修訂、完善本問卷,以其中國化取向和簡潔實(shí)用的鮮明特點(diǎn),成為幸福感的研究者及居家養(yǎng)老領(lǐng)域的工作者樂于使用的測量工具。
[Abstract]:Since our country has stepped into an aging society, it has become a realistic challenge for all levels of government and every family to face the challenges that the elderly people have to face in their familiar environment in the face of the large scale of the aged, the fast aging, the old age and the half of the empty nest elderly. The life of the elderly is normalization and normalization. The community of the elderly is the center of the daily activities of the elderly and the network of interpersonal relations. It has a unique advantage to integrate the resources of the government, the family and the society. This study will combine the special point of the aging of our country and start from the social culture and historical background of our country. The idea of Chinese research is to discuss the connotation of the interpersonal happiness of the elderly at home, to compile the measurement tools, to analyze the characteristics and influencing factors of the interpersonal happiness of the old people, and to put forward the countermeasures and suggestions to improve the interpersonal happiness of the elderly people. The first part is to improve the quality of life of the elderly people in the community. Literature review and problems are put forward. From two aspects of aging, home care, happiness and interpersonal happiness, the main problems in the study of the elderly are mainly manifested in the lack of systematic analysis of the factors affecting the happy life of the elderly, more support for the elderly, and the discussion of the old people's society. In the study of happiness, the researchers found that there are cultural differences in the connotation of happiness. However, there is no study on the influence of Chinese cultural background on the interpersonal happiness of the elderly. Therefore, this research question is put forward with the influence of cultural factors on the sense of happiness and the old people in the home. The connotation and structure of interpersonal happiness are analyzed in China, and the important significance of improving the interpersonal happiness of the old people in the home is put forward. The second part is the exploratory research on the structure of the interpersonal happiness of the old people, including the research one and the research two. The Chinese people's interpersonal happiness feels the traditional culture. The characteristics of the influence are manifested in the traditional Confucian culture represented by "benevolence". A study of the connotation of interpersonal happiness based on "benevolence" is studied. The research object is from the Analects of Confucius, the book of rites, and the 213 "benevolence" of human happiness mentioned in three classics of Confucius, Mencius, from the bottom to the bottom. Three layers of coding, open coding, association coding, and the formation of the core coding model. In the process of model construction, a preliminary theoretical hypothesis is derived from the original work on the sense of interpersonal happiness of the traditional "Ren", and then the hypothesis is further consulted and the hypothesis is corrected. The result shows that the interpersonal happiness based on "benevolence" is based. The intension of sense has the characteristics of self-improvement, safety and human being. It includes five aspects of related coding, self-reliance, self-respect, self-control, gentle Jingan, and other five aspects of love, justice, courtesy, equitable treatment of the world and compassion, including two aspects of the internal and external repair and the passing of others. Two The deep interview method was used to make a qualitative study on the interpersonal happiness of the elderly people in the home. A preliminary construction of the interpersonal happiness index system of the elderly people was preliminarily constructed. The individual interviews involved 27 people with different career experiences, different sexes and different economic levels. The qualitative analysis results showed that the interpersonal happiness of the elderly was the main sense of happiness. In order to show the interpersonal satisfaction and interpersonal sense of value, the interpersonal happiness structure of the elderly in the community becomes interpersonal satisfaction and interpersonal value sense, in which the interpersonal satisfaction comes from the relatives, the neighbourhood / friends, the social support and the interpersonal sense of value from three aspects of personal orientation, family orientation and social orientation. Social participation. The structure of the interpersonal happiness of the elderly people in the family embodies the connotation of interpersonal happiness based on "benevolence". The third part is the compilation and validity test of the questionnaire about the interpersonal happiness of the elderly, including the study three and the study four. The study three has been established on the basis of the study two. According to the theoretical framework of the interpersonal happiness of the elderly, the corresponding questions were compiled and the closed questionnaire was adopted to investigate. The preliminary questionnaire was compiled after the analysis of the exploratory factors of the questionnaire. Then the project analysis and the analysis of the factors were carried out. The 2 dimensions and 9 items of the old people were made up. Four formal questionnaires were used to test the reliability and validity of the formal questionnaire, including the overall urban happiness index, the life satisfaction scale and the emotional lap scale. The data showed that the overall and all dimensions of the interpersonal happiness of the elderly were in conformity with the psychological measurements. The level of reliability and validity required, the content validity of the scale, the construct validity and the validity validity were all better. The psychological characteristics of our theoretical conception were measured by the interpersonal happiness questionnaire in the elderly. The fourth part of the elderly people's interpersonal happiness was analyzed, including five. The study five adopted the multifactor analysis of variance analysis system. The effects of demographic variables (age, sex, health, economic status), interpersonal variables (marital status, children's situation, daily number of contacts) on the interpersonal happiness of the elderly people were examined. The results showed that different health conditions, economic conditions, marital status, children's status, and the number of contacts were related to the interpersonal happiness of the elderly. In 1. months, the score of the total score and the interpersonal satisfaction was significantly lower than that of the subjects with the monthly income of more than one thousand yuan. 2. health conditions, the total score and the two dimensions were significantly higher than half self-care, and the subjects needed to be taken care of the subjects. 3. in the marital status, the score of the total score and the two dimensions of the spouses was significantly higher than that of the widowed and unmarried subjects; 4. in the children's condition, the score of the total score and the interpersonal satisfaction of the children around the children was significantly higher than that of the children who were not around. 5. in the daily number of contacts, the score was flat. The score of the total score and two dimensions was significantly higher than that of the average person with 3 people and less than 3 people each day. The following conclusions were obtained by analyzing and comparing the results of the above research. 1. this study preliminarily completed the construction of the interpersonal happiness questionnaire for the elderly people in the home. The questionnaire includes two dimensions of interpersonal satisfaction and interpersonal sense of value. Factor analysis proves that the structure of the questionnaire is more reasonable and the reliability and validity indexes have reached the requirements of psychometrics. It can be used as a measuring tool for the interpersonal happiness of the elderly people of the family.2., and the interpersonal happiness of the elderly people in the family is healthy, economic, and marriage. There are significant differences in the situation, the situation of children, the number of contacts, different economic conditions, different health conditions, different marital status, different children's status, and the scores of the elderly people with different number of contacts in the interpersonal happiness. The two dimensions of interpersonal satisfaction and interpersonal value are the core of interpersonal relationship with the two dimensions of interpersonal satisfaction. According to the research conclusions, our policy recommendations are: 1., because of the two-way character of interpersonal happiness and the characteristics of self-cultivation, we should increase the self-cultivation education of the young and the people who are about to enter the old age, and pay more attention to them. Sympathized with tolerance, self-control and other aspects of the ability to enhance the sense of self sense, adjust a good state of mind, happy.2. fully play the role of the old people's interpersonal network support, especially the children around the elderly, spouses, neighborhood relations in the elderly to meet the needs of different needs of the elderly to play different roles, to the elderly to create a different role. The warm and comfortable living space.3. improves the social participation of the elderly. Different levels of social participation can bring the sense of interpersonal value to the elderly in the community. Small social participation has personal cultivation, for example, self care, the fun and fulfilling of life; a medium social contribution to the family, for example, care. Family members; greater social participation, including those who continue to work for their own jobs, continue to serve the community for the elderly, widen the employment channels for the elderly, develop healthy, capable, willing to participate in the social services of the elderly human resources, promote the improvement of the sense of interpersonal value of the elderly.4. in government investment In the case of the old people, they should pay more attention to the elderly, the older and the elderly, the divorced, the widowed, the only living, the empty nest old people, the poor economic situation, the low educated old people, the diseases and the old people who need the care of the people, pay more attention to their happiness, build their interpersonal circle, and respect the old age. On the premise of individual's personal will, the amount of communication is ensured by the quantity of more than three people per day, and the quality of communication and contact with people of different levels. The main innovation of this study is that the research ideas have Chinese characteristics, and try to combine modern surveying methods with the values of traditional culture to find a suitable understanding of China. The theoretical model of interpersonal happiness. The research methods are diversified. In the data collection, interview, literature, social investigation, questionnaire and so on are used. In the data analysis, we use qualitative and quantitative methods. In the traditional Chinese cultural background, we extract the theory of "benevolence" based on "benevolence", and get home old age through empirical research. The connotation structure of human well-being has been compiled, and the self-assessment questionnaire of interpersonal happiness of the elderly people is compiled, and the influencing factors and characteristics of the interpersonal happiness of the elderly people are analyzed. But the compilation of the scale is a long-term work, and the future will be revised with the need of the development of the Chinese theory and the practical needs of the home care for the elderly. The questionnaire, with its Chinese orientation and concise and practical features, has become a measuring tool for the researchers and workers in the field of home care.

【學(xué)位授予單位】：西南大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2016
【分類號(hào)】：B844.4

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