本文選題：尼雷爾 + 坦桑尼亞��； 參考：《華東師范大學(xué)》2014年博士論文

【摘要】：1964年,坦桑尼亞聯(lián)合共和國的成立開啟了現(xiàn)代坦桑尼亞歷史的新篇章,第一任總統(tǒng)尼雷爾是具有卓越領(lǐng)導(dǎo)才能的非洲領(lǐng)袖,被國際社會(huì)稱贊為爭取自由的先驅(qū)、清正廉潔的非洲賢人。他追求自由與公平為核心的國家觀及其非洲解放理論與統(tǒng)一思想成為人民寶貴的精神財(cái)富。在坦桑尼亞國家建構(gòu)進(jìn)程中,尼雷爾采取的一黨制下的民主體制、烏賈馬社會(huì)主義、民族聚合以及不結(jié)盟外交等一系列政策措施奠定了今天坦桑尼亞在非洲乃至世界的地位與影響。本文主要包括以下幾個(gè)部分。 導(dǎo)論部分簡要介紹了國家建構(gòu)的基本理論和內(nèi)涵,以此為基礎(chǔ)引出國家建構(gòu)的非洲視角和坦桑尼亞的特殊性。 第一章主要論述現(xiàn)代坦桑尼亞國家的形成。從坦噶尼喀疆域的形成以及德國和英國的殖民統(tǒng)治開始,對(duì)坦桑尼亞地區(qū)獨(dú)立與聯(lián)合前的政治現(xiàn)狀進(jìn)行分析。旨在說明從更廣闊的長時(shí)段來看,坦桑聯(lián)合的實(shí)現(xiàn)有更久遠(yuǎn)的歷史淵源,然后進(jìn)一步結(jié)合兩個(gè)主權(quán)國家的現(xiàn)實(shí)利益與尼雷爾政府政策的作用進(jìn)行討論。在此基礎(chǔ)上對(duì)坦桑國家建構(gòu)初期的政治機(jī)遇和經(jīng)濟(jì)挑戰(zhàn)進(jìn)行梳理。 第二章主要討論尼雷爾的國家觀和坦桑尼亞現(xiàn)代政治體系的建構(gòu)。現(xiàn)代坦桑尼亞國家建構(gòu),尼雷爾的貢獻(xiàn)與影響無可爭辯是第一位的,不僅在于和平獨(dú)立與聯(lián)合建國,更在于執(zhí)政以后主導(dǎo)了這個(gè)國家的經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展與政治軌跡。本章對(duì)尼雷爾的早年經(jīng)歷、政治思想、國家發(fā)展觀等方面進(jìn)行比較全面的考察,對(duì)于坦桑尼亞現(xiàn)代政治體系的形成,從政黨性質(zhì)、一黨制民主實(shí)踐與法制化進(jìn)程三個(gè)方面予以梳理。尼雷爾建構(gòu)的政治體系及其取得的執(zhí)政業(yè)績?yōu)樽约黑A得了極好的口碑、為國家贏得相當(dāng)可觀的外援,為坦桑尼亞下一步的發(fā)展打下了堅(jiān)實(shí)的基礎(chǔ),積累了寶貴的經(jīng)驗(yàn)。 第三章分析了極具特色的坦桑尼亞烏賈馬社會(huì)主義運(yùn)動(dòng)。烏賈馬運(yùn)動(dòng)是一次果斷勇敢的政治實(shí)驗(yàn),是非洲社會(huì)主義的一個(gè)典型,是坦桑尼亞維護(hù)政治獨(dú)立與發(fā)展經(jīng)濟(jì)的需要。本章從尼雷爾社會(huì)主義思想理論、烏賈馬社會(huì)主義運(yùn)動(dòng)實(shí)踐、烏賈馬運(yùn)動(dòng)對(duì)國家建構(gòu)的影響三個(gè)方面展開論述,按照從思想到理論,從理論到實(shí)踐,從實(shí)踐到影響的歷史邏輯梳理烏賈馬社會(huì)主義的正能量與消極后果。烏賈馬社會(huì)主義運(yùn)動(dòng),政治意識(shí)形態(tài)起了重要作用,尼雷爾關(guān)于農(nóng)業(yè)機(jī)械化和規(guī)模經(jīng)濟(jì)的觀念已經(jīng)成為當(dāng)時(shí)國際發(fā)展論壇不可或缺的一部分。烏賈馬運(yùn)動(dòng)后期也是強(qiáng)制的,有時(shí)也很暴力。這個(gè)運(yùn)動(dòng)在經(jīng)濟(jì)上是失敗的,在生態(tài)上也是失敗的。但是在政治理念上是有價(jià)值的,在歷史邏輯上有其合理性,在精神上則令人鼓舞的,從歷史的長時(shí)段來看有一定的意義與影響。 第四章主要梳理了尼雷爾的社會(huì)整合舉措。現(xiàn)代國家建構(gòu)不僅是政治獨(dú)立與經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展的過程,更是一個(gè)社會(huì)體系與公共服務(wù)設(shè)施不斷完善的過程。在這個(gè)過程中,尼雷爾總統(tǒng)從坦桑尼亞的社會(huì)現(xiàn)狀著手,不斷建構(gòu)新的服務(wù)平臺(tái),完善基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施,增強(qiáng)國家安全力量,聚合分散的民族,大力發(fā)展教育事業(yè),追求公平與正義,提高人民素質(zhì),推進(jìn)國家現(xiàn)代化進(jìn)程。本章重點(diǎn)分析了坦桑尼亞公共服務(wù)設(shè)施的逐步完善、現(xiàn)代民族的形成以及教育事業(yè)的發(fā)展等三個(gè)方面,從社會(huì)發(fā)展層面對(duì)國家建構(gòu)理論進(jìn)行探討。 第五章主要研究尼雷爾的非洲解放理論與不結(jié)盟外交政策。在外交方面,尼雷爾為推動(dòng)非洲統(tǒng)一、南南合作和建立公正合理的國際經(jīng)濟(jì)政治秩序而奔走吶喊,為南部非洲人民的解放斗爭提供慷慨援助,以敢于發(fā)言、堅(jiān)持正義的形象出現(xiàn)在國際舞臺(tái),在非洲乃至世界范圍內(nèi)產(chǎn)生了一定的影響。尼雷爾的非洲解放理論以非洲現(xiàn)實(shí)為依據(jù),批判了新舊殖民主義的弊端,主張非洲公民在擁有政治權(quán)利的基礎(chǔ)上追求尊嚴(yán)、自由與公平。在實(shí)際行動(dòng)上大力支援非洲尤其是南部非洲的民族解放運(yùn)動(dòng),為非洲的政治合作與經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展做出了自己的貢獻(xiàn)。尼雷爾在世界范圍內(nèi)堅(jiān)持不結(jié)盟政策,維護(hù)民族獨(dú)立,通過不結(jié)盟運(yùn)動(dòng)倡議發(fā)展中國家經(jīng)濟(jì)合作形成獨(dú)立于世界強(qiáng)國的第三種力量。尼雷爾的非洲解放理論、統(tǒng)一思想、不結(jié)盟政策以及建構(gòu)國際政治經(jīng)濟(jì)新秩序措施等共同構(gòu)成其外交觀的基本內(nèi)容。這既是尼雷爾辛苦勞動(dòng)的成果,也是尼雷爾解決發(fā)展中國家問題的一種智慧與方案。 文章結(jié)語部分對(duì)尼雷爾與坦桑尼亞國家建構(gòu)進(jìn)行評(píng)析,從國家建構(gòu)理念、公平自由原則、尼雷爾的政治智慧、對(duì)發(fā)展中國家的啟示等方面展開討論。坦桑尼亞的國建構(gòu)之路在非洲歷史上有特色,對(duì)其他發(fā)展中國家產(chǎn)生一定影響；尼雷爾的價(jià)值取向顯示了一種力量與理念,其一黨制下的民主是一種創(chuàng)新。研究尼雷爾與坦桑尼亞國家建構(gòu)不僅可以幫助我們理解坦桑尼亞,認(rèn)識(shí)當(dāng)代非洲,而且為我國在改革開放時(shí)代條件下,實(shí)現(xiàn)中華民族復(fù)興夢,完成祖國統(tǒng)一大業(yè),完善與非洲國家的關(guān)系等方面都提供理論與實(shí)踐上非常有益的經(jīng)驗(yàn)教訓(xùn)。
[Abstract]:In 1964, the establishment of United Republic of Tanzania opened a new chapter in the history of modern Tanzania. Nyerere, the first president, was an African leader with excellent leadership. He was praised by the international community as a pioneer of freedom and a clean and honest African sage. His pursuit of freedom and equity as the core of the country and the liberation of Africa In the process of Tanzania's national construction, a series of policies and measures, such as the democratic system under one party system, Ujama socialism, national aggregation and non alignment diplomacy, established the status and influence of Tanzania in Tanzania and the world in the process of national construction of the state. The following sections.
The introductory part briefly introduces the basic theory and connotation of national construction, and based on this, leads to the African perspective of national construction and the particularity of Tanzania.
The first chapter mainly discusses the formation of the modern Tanzania state. From the formation of the territory of Tanganyika and the colonial rule of Germany and Britain, the political status of the independence and the United States before the Tanzania region is analyzed. On the basis of the discussion of the practical interests of the two sovereign states and the role of the Nyerere government policy, the political and economic challenges in the early construction of the Tanzania state are combed on this basis.
The second chapter mainly discusses Nyerere's view of state and the construction of modern political system in Tanzania. The construction of modern Tanzania state, the contribution and influence of Nyerere is indisputably the first, not only in the peace independence and the Union and the founding of the nation, but also in the economic development and political trajectory of the country after the ruling. The early experience, political thought and the national development view are comparatively comprehensive inspected, and the formation of the modern political system in Tanzania is combed from three aspects: the nature of the political party, the practice of one party system of democracy and the process of legalization. The political system constructed by Nyerere and its ruling achievements have won an excellent mouth for himself. The tablet has won considerable foreign aid for the country, laying a solid foundation for Tanzania's next development and accumulating valuable experience.
The third chapter analyzes the highly distinctive Tanzania Ujama socialist movement. The Ujama movement is a decisive and brave political experiment, a typical example of the African socialism and the need for Tanzania to maintain political independence and develop the economy. This chapter from Nyerere's socialist ideological theory and the practice of the Ujama socialist movement, Ujama's movement discusses three aspects of the influence of national construction. According to the historical logic of Ujama's socialism, from thought to theory, from theory to practice, from practice to influence, the positive energy and negative consequences of socialist socialism are combed. The political ideology of Ujama socialist movement plays an important role, and Nyerere about agricultural mechanization and regulation. The concept of model economy has become an integral part of the International Development Forum at that time. The movement was also compulsory and sometimes violent. The movement was economically failed and ecologically failed. However, it was valuable in the political philosophy, in historical logic, and in the spirit of the drum. Dance has a certain meaning and influence from a long historical period.
The fourth chapter mainly combs the social integration measures of Nyerere. The construction of modern state is not only a process of political independence and economic development, but also a process of continuous improvement of a social system and public service facilities. In this process, President Nyerere begins with the social status of Tanzania, constantly constructs a new service platform and consummate the foundation. Infrastructure, strengthening national security forces, aggregated and dispersed nationalities, vigorously developing education, pursuing fairness and justice, improving the quality of the people and promoting the process of national modernization. This chapter focuses on three aspects of the gradual improvement of the public service facilities, the formation of modern nationalities and the development of educational undertakings, from the social development. The layer is discussed in the face of the theory of state construction.
The fifth chapter mainly studies the theory of Nyerere's emancipation of Africa and the non aligned foreign policy. In the diplomatic aspect, Nyerere is running out to promote the unity of Africa, South South cooperation and the establishment of a fair and reasonable international economic and political order, to provide generous assistance to the liberation struggle of the Southern African people, to speak and to persist in the image of justice. On the international stage, it has had a certain influence in Africa and in the world. Based on the reality of Africa, Nyerere's theory of African liberation criticized the malpractices of the new and old colonialism, and advocated the pursuit of dignity, freedom and fairness on the basis of political rights of African citizens. In practical action, the African citizens, especially southern Africa, were strongly supported. The national liberation movement of the continent has made its own contribution to the political cooperation and economic development of Africa. Nyerere adhered to the non alignment policy in the world, maintained national independence and formed third forces independent of the world power through the non aligned movement initiative to develop the economic cooperation of the developing countries. Nyerere's Theory of African emancipation was a unified thought. It is thought that the non alignment policy and the construction of the new international political and economic order measures together constitute the basic content of the external outlook. This is the result of Nyerere's hard work and a kind of wisdom and plan for Nyerere to solve the problems of developing countries.
The concluding part of the article makes an analysis of the construction of Nyerere and Tanzania. From the concept of national construction, the principle of fair and free, the political wisdom of Nyerere and the enlightenment to the developing countries, the construction of Tanzania has its own characteristics in the history of Africa, and has a certain influence on other developing countries; Nyerere The value orientation shows a kind of power and idea, and the democracy under one party system is a kind of innovation. The study of Nyerere and Tanzania national construction can not only help us understand Tanzania, understand contemporary Africa, but also realize the national rejuvenation dream of China and China under the conditions of reform and opening to the outside world, complete the great cause of the reunification of the motherland and perfect it. African countries' relations provide very useful theoretical and practical lessons.

【學(xué)位授予單位】：華東師范大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2014
【分類號(hào)】：D742.5;K425

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