本文關鍵詞： 古代埃及 新王國時期 《維爾伯紙草》 譯注 稅收 神廟經(jīng)濟 土地制度　出處：《東北師范大學》2016年博士論文　論文類型：學位論文

【摘要】：《維爾伯紙草》是新王國第二十王朝拉美西斯五世統(tǒng)治時期的土地清冊文獻。這卷紙草在結構上由后人分為A、B兩部分,而且文獻A的內(nèi)容遠多于文獻B。文獻A主要記錄了土地持有機構、土地持有者及其身份、耕種土地的面積和預期的產(chǎn)量及據(jù)此預期需繳納的豐收稅。本文對該文獻的研究便以文獻A為主。據(jù)此,本論文主要包括引言、正文六章以及具有總結性和拓展性的終章、附錄。引言部分主要闡述了論文的選題意義,介紹《維爾伯紙草》概況,并且簡要論述國內(nèi)外的研究現(xiàn)狀。第一章介紹了該文獻所記錄的土地類型和土地管理者。根據(jù)《維爾伯紙草》的記載,新王國時期的土地類型分為王室土地、神廟土地、專營地和私人土地四種。另外,土地管理者主要由政府人員和神職人員擔任。因此,本章還通過對土地管理者頭銜的整理,敘述了新王國時期的農(nóng)業(yè)人事安排以及土地行政管理模式。第二章論述了文獻所記錄的土地持有者及其特點。紙草記錄的土地持有者身份多達50余種,為此,本章僅選取出現(xiàn)比例較高并具代表性的馬夫長、士兵、瓦布祭司和女土地持有者、耕種者這五種土地持有者進行具體分析,進而揭示出這一時期土地持有者呈多樣性和多層次的特點。第三章著重敘述了文獻所記錄的土地經(jīng)營方式。據(jù)《維爾伯紙草》記載,古代埃及新王國時期的土地經(jīng)營方式主要有以下幾種：王室經(jīng)營土地,神廟經(jīng)營土地以及個人經(jīng)營土地。第四章則是根據(jù)文獻所記載的土地繳稅和稅收情況對新王國時期的土地稅收進行了較為全面的考察。由于《維爾伯紙草》是一卷收稅文獻,并且紙草所記錄的繳稅額皆為預期收取的數(shù)額,因此,它僅向我們呈現(xiàn)了預期收稅的期望值。至于繳稅的流程,文獻并未有任何體現(xiàn)。但是,為了對這卷紙草有一個更深入地解析,本章不僅使用了《維爾伯紙草》,而且還將同一時期的其他稅收文獻《都靈稅收紙草》等作為佐證材料。第五章著重論述了神廟經(jīng)濟。根據(jù)《維爾伯紙草》記載,神廟占據(jù)了大量的土地。由此說明,在古埃及,至少在新王國時期,神廟是農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)的重要部門,并由此構成了古代埃及經(jīng)濟體系中的一個重要的組成部分——神廟經(jīng)濟。因此,本章以《維爾伯紙草》為切入點,從概念的界定、經(jīng)營方式、經(jīng)濟體系以及神廟與政府的關系等四個方面出發(fā),從社會經(jīng)濟學的角度對新王國時期的神廟經(jīng)濟進行了系統(tǒng)的概述。第六章是對《維爾伯紙草》的翻譯與注釋。研究《維爾伯紙草》,一個無法規(guī)避的論題便是新王國時期的土地制度。因此,本文在對《維爾伯紙草》進行深入解析后,勢必要對這一問題進行探討。故此,新王國時期的土地制度便是本文的終章。在這一章節(jié)中,本文將以《維爾伯紙草》為主要史料,并輔以其他文獻對新王國時期的埃及土地制度進行論述。古代埃及的土地所有制是復雜的,不能簡單的概之以“公有”和“私有”。作為土地制度的核心——土地產(chǎn)權會根據(jù)生產(chǎn)力的發(fā)展和社會制度的變化,在外因和內(nèi)因的作用下發(fā)生改變。就古埃及而言,土地雖然可由某些機構或者私人長期占有,或買賣或轉贈。但是,需要強調(diào)的是,國家一直都擁有對土地的終極所有權,那么,法老就是土地的終極所有者,因為他具有將土地收回并終止他人使用的權利。
[Abstract]:< > papyruses Wilber is a new kingdom of the twentieth Dynasty during the reign of Ramesses V cadasters literature. This papyrus is composed of descendants is divided into A, B two, and the content of A is far more than the literature literature B. literature A record the main land holding agencies, land holders and identity, cultivated land area and expected the yield and the need to pay tax according to the expected harvest. This study with literature on the A literature. Therefore, this thesis mainly includes the preface, six chapters and a summary and expansion of the final chapter and appendix. The introduction part mainly elaborates the significance of the topic, introduces the situation of Wilber papyruses < >. And briefly discusses the research status at home and abroad. The first chapter introduces the literature records the type of land and land management. According to the < > Wilber papyrus records, during the New Kingdom land types into the royal land Temple, land, land and private land franchise of four. In addition, land managers mainly held by government officials and clergy. Therefore, this chapter is based on land management Title finishing, described the new kingdom of agricultural personnel arrangements and land administration mode. The second chapter discusses the land holder and the characteristics of literature recorded. Papyrus records of land holders identity as many as 50 species, therefore, only a higher proportion and representative of the groom, this chapter selects female priests and soldiers, wabuensis land holders, specific analysis of the five kinds of land holders to farming, and further reveals that this period showed the diversity and land holder multi-level features. The third chapter mainly describes the literature record of land management. According to the < > Wilber papyrus records, the new kingdom in ancient Egypt land management mode has the following main A: Royal land management, land management and land management temple. The fourth chapter is based on the literature records of land tax and tax on the New Kingdom land tax were investigated comprehensively. The < > is a roll of Wilber papyrus papyrus and tax documents, records the tax amount is expected to receive the amount, therefore, it only shows us the expected tax expectations. As for the tax process, the literature does not have any expression. However, in order to have a more in-depth analysis of the papyrus, this chapter not only use the < > Wilbur papyruses, but also in the same period of tax documents < > as the tax Turin papyrus evidence materials. The fifth chapter focuses on the temple economy. According to the < > Wilber papyrus records, the temple occupied a lot of land. Therefore, in ancient Egypt, at least during the New Kingdom Temple Is an important department of agricultural production, and thus constitute the ancient Egyptian economic system as an important component of the temple economy. Therefore, this chapter takes the < > Wilbur papyruses as the starting point, from the definition of the concept, mode of operation, the four aspects of economic system and the relationship between the government and the temple of conduct an overview of the system of the New Kingdom temple economy from social economic perspective. The sixth chapter is the translation and annotation for < >. Wilber papyruses < > of Wilber papyruses, one cannot avoid the topic is the New Kingdom land system. Because of this, this paper makes a deep analysis of the < Neville "papyrus >, it is necessary to make a study on this issue. Therefore, the new kingdom of the land system is the final chapter in this paper. In this chapter, this paper will take" Wilber papyrus > as the main materials, and supplemented by other literature in the period of the new king Discusses the Egyptian land system. In ancient Egypt the land ownership is complex, not simply summarized as "public" and "private". As the core of the land system, land property rights will change according to the development of productive forces and social system, the external and internal factors for the change of ancient Egypt. Although the land, by certain institutions or private long-term possession or sale or donation. However, it needs to be emphasized that the country has always had the ultimate ownership of land, then the land is the ultimate owner of Pharaoh, because he has to recover the land use rights and the termination of others.

【學位授予單位】：東北師范大學
【學位級別】：博士
【學位授予年份】：2016
【分類號】：K411.21
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本文編號：1452812