本文關(guān)鍵詞： 古代埃及 新王國(guó)時(shí)期 《維爾伯紙草》 譯注 稅收 神廟經(jīng)濟(jì) 土地制度　出處：《東北師范大學(xué)》2016年博士論文　論文類型：學(xué)位論文

【摘要】：《維爾伯紙草》是新王國(guó)第二十王朝拉美西斯五世統(tǒng)治時(shí)期的土地清冊(cè)文獻(xiàn)。這卷紙草在結(jié)構(gòu)上由后人分為A、B兩部分,而且文獻(xiàn)A的內(nèi)容遠(yuǎn)多于文獻(xiàn)B。文獻(xiàn)A主要記錄了土地持有機(jī)構(gòu)、土地持有者及其身份、耕種土地的面積和預(yù)期的產(chǎn)量及據(jù)此預(yù)期需繳納的豐收稅。本文對(duì)該文獻(xiàn)的研究便以文獻(xiàn)A為主。據(jù)此,本論文主要包括引言、正文六章以及具有總結(jié)性和拓展性的終章、附錄。引言部分主要闡述了論文的選題意義,介紹《維爾伯紙草》概況,并且簡(jiǎn)要論述國(guó)內(nèi)外的研究現(xiàn)狀。第一章介紹了該文獻(xiàn)所記錄的土地類型和土地管理者。根據(jù)《維爾伯紙草》的記載,新王國(guó)時(shí)期的土地類型分為王室土地、神廟土地、專營(yíng)地和私人土地四種。另外,土地管理者主要由政府人員和神職人員擔(dān)任。因此,本章還通過(guò)對(duì)土地管理者頭銜的整理,敘述了新王國(guó)時(shí)期的農(nóng)業(yè)人事安排以及土地行政管理模式。第二章論述了文獻(xiàn)所記錄的土地持有者及其特點(diǎn)。紙草記錄的土地持有者身份多達(dá)50余種,為此,本章僅選取出現(xiàn)比例較高并具代表性的馬夫長(zhǎng)、士兵、瓦布祭司和女土地持有者、耕種者這五種土地持有者進(jìn)行具體分析,進(jìn)而揭示出這一時(shí)期土地持有者呈多樣性和多層次的特點(diǎn)。第三章著重?cái)⑹隽宋墨I(xiàn)所記錄的土地經(jīng)營(yíng)方式。據(jù)《維爾伯紙草》記載,古代埃及新王國(guó)時(shí)期的土地經(jīng)營(yíng)方式主要有以下幾種：王室經(jīng)營(yíng)土地,神廟經(jīng)營(yíng)土地以及個(gè)人經(jīng)營(yíng)土地。第四章則是根據(jù)文獻(xiàn)所記載的土地繳稅和稅收情況對(duì)新王國(guó)時(shí)期的土地稅收進(jìn)行了較為全面的考察。由于《維爾伯紙草》是一卷收稅文獻(xiàn),并且紙草所記錄的繳稅額皆為預(yù)期收取的數(shù)額,因此,它僅向我們呈現(xiàn)了預(yù)期收稅的期望值。至于繳稅的流程,文獻(xiàn)并未有任何體現(xiàn)。但是,為了對(duì)這卷紙草有一個(gè)更深入地解析,本章不僅使用了《維爾伯紙草》,而且還將同一時(shí)期的其他稅收文獻(xiàn)《都靈稅收紙草》等作為佐證材料。第五章著重論述了神廟經(jīng)濟(jì)。根據(jù)《維爾伯紙草》記載,神廟占據(jù)了大量的土地。由此說(shuō)明,在古埃及,至少在新王國(guó)時(shí)期,神廟是農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)的重要部門,并由此構(gòu)成了古代埃及經(jīng)濟(jì)體系中的一個(gè)重要的組成部分——神廟經(jīng)濟(jì)。因此,本章以《維爾伯紙草》為切入點(diǎn),從概念的界定、經(jīng)營(yíng)方式、經(jīng)濟(jì)體系以及神廟與政府的關(guān)系等四個(gè)方面出發(fā),從社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)的角度對(duì)新王國(guó)時(shí)期的神廟經(jīng)濟(jì)進(jìn)行了系統(tǒng)的概述。第六章是對(duì)《維爾伯紙草》的翻譯與注釋。研究《維爾伯紙草》,一個(gè)無(wú)法規(guī)避的論題便是新王國(guó)時(shí)期的土地制度。因此,本文在對(duì)《維爾伯紙草》進(jìn)行深入解析后,勢(shì)必要對(duì)這一問(wèn)題進(jìn)行探討。故此,新王國(guó)時(shí)期的土地制度便是本文的終章。在這一章節(jié)中,本文將以《維爾伯紙草》為主要史料,并輔以其他文獻(xiàn)對(duì)新王國(guó)時(shí)期的埃及土地制度進(jìn)行論述。古代埃及的土地所有制是復(fù)雜的,不能簡(jiǎn)單的概之以“公有”和“私有”。作為土地制度的核心——土地產(chǎn)權(quán)會(huì)根據(jù)生產(chǎn)力的發(fā)展和社會(huì)制度的變化,在外因和內(nèi)因的作用下發(fā)生改變。就古埃及而言,土地雖然可由某些機(jī)構(gòu)或者私人長(zhǎng)期占有,或買賣或轉(zhuǎn)贈(zèng)。但是,需要強(qiáng)調(diào)的是,國(guó)家一直都擁有對(duì)土地的終極所有權(quán),那么,法老就是土地的終極所有者,因?yàn)樗哂袑⑼恋厥栈夭⒔K止他人使用的權(quán)利。
[Abstract]:< > papyruses Wilber is a new kingdom of the twentieth Dynasty during the reign of Ramesses V cadasters literature. This papyrus is composed of descendants is divided into A, B two, and the content of A is far more than the literature literature B. literature A record the main land holding agencies, land holders and identity, cultivated land area and expected the yield and the need to pay tax according to the expected harvest. This study with literature on the A literature. Therefore, this thesis mainly includes the preface, six chapters and a summary and expansion of the final chapter and appendix. The introduction part mainly elaborates the significance of the topic, introduces the situation of Wilber papyruses < >. And briefly discusses the research status at home and abroad. The first chapter introduces the literature records the type of land and land management. According to the < > Wilber papyrus records, during the New Kingdom land types into the royal land Temple, land, land and private land franchise of four. In addition, land managers mainly held by government officials and clergy. Therefore, this chapter is based on land management Title finishing, described the new kingdom of agricultural personnel arrangements and land administration mode. The second chapter discusses the land holder and the characteristics of literature recorded. Papyrus records of land holders identity as many as 50 species, therefore, only a higher proportion and representative of the groom, this chapter selects female priests and soldiers, wabuensis land holders, specific analysis of the five kinds of land holders to farming, and further reveals that this period showed the diversity and land holder multi-level features. The third chapter mainly describes the literature record of land management. According to the < > Wilber papyrus records, the new kingdom in ancient Egypt land management mode has the following main A: Royal land management, land management and land management temple. The fourth chapter is based on the literature records of land tax and tax on the New Kingdom land tax were investigated comprehensively. The < > is a roll of Wilber papyrus papyrus and tax documents, records the tax amount is expected to receive the amount, therefore, it only shows us the expected tax expectations. As for the tax process, the literature does not have any expression. However, in order to have a more in-depth analysis of the papyrus, this chapter not only use the < > Wilbur papyruses, but also in the same period of tax documents < > as the tax Turin papyrus evidence materials. The fifth chapter focuses on the temple economy. According to the < > Wilber papyrus records, the temple occupied a lot of land. Therefore, in ancient Egypt, at least during the New Kingdom Temple Is an important department of agricultural production, and thus constitute the ancient Egyptian economic system as an important component of the temple economy. Therefore, this chapter takes the < > Wilbur papyruses as the starting point, from the definition of the concept, mode of operation, the four aspects of economic system and the relationship between the government and the temple of conduct an overview of the system of the New Kingdom temple economy from social economic perspective. The sixth chapter is the translation and annotation for < >. Wilber papyruses < > of Wilber papyruses, one cannot avoid the topic is the New Kingdom land system. Because of this, this paper makes a deep analysis of the < Neville "papyrus >, it is necessary to make a study on this issue. Therefore, the new kingdom of the land system is the final chapter in this paper. In this chapter, this paper will take" Wilber papyrus > as the main materials, and supplemented by other literature in the period of the new king Discusses the Egyptian land system. In ancient Egypt the land ownership is complex, not simply summarized as "public" and "private". As the core of the land system, land property rights will change according to the development of productive forces and social system, the external and internal factors for the change of ancient Egypt. Although the land, by certain institutions or private long-term possession or sale or donation. However, it needs to be emphasized that the country has always had the ultimate ownership of land, then the land is the ultimate owner of Pharaoh, because he has to recover the land use rights and the termination of others.

【學(xué)位授予單位】：東北師范大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2016
【分類號(hào)】：K411.21
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本文編號(hào)：1452812