本文關(guān)鍵詞：西王母故事的文本演變及文化內(nèi)涵　出處：《南開大學(xué)》2014年博士論文　論文類型：學(xué)位論文

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【摘要】：西王母是中國古代的重要神靈之一,在戰(zhàn)國以來的神仙信仰、漢末以來的道教信仰以及明清時期的民間宗教信仰中都占據(jù)重要地位。從西王母信仰的演變中可以大致窺見中國古代宗教信仰的演變軌跡,而西王母故事的演變過程則不僅僅與宗教相關(guān),還與政治社會背景、民間通俗文化和文學(xué)藝術(shù)的發(fā)展有關(guān)。因此以西王母故事相關(guān)文本為基礎(chǔ),深層探討文學(xué)文本與文化內(nèi)蘊(yùn)之間的互動關(guān)系是十分有必要的。 全文結(jié)構(gòu)分為六大部分,第一部分為緒論,第二部分為西王母故事文本的形態(tài)演變綜述。第三到第六部分為論文的主體部分,選取了西王母故事中的三個故事類型,探討其文本演變的過程及其背后的深層文化內(nèi)涵。 緒論部分又可以分為兩大部分,一為二十世紀(jì)以來西王母研究綜述。在1949年以前,對于西王母的探討集中在兩個問題,一個是以章炳麟、丁謙、顧實(shí)為代表的學(xué)者利用文獻(xiàn)學(xué)的方法探討西王母之種族和地望,另一個是以魯迅、茅盾、吳晗、呂思勉為代表的學(xué)者引進(jìn)西方的人類學(xué)和文化學(xué)方法開展的西王母神話演變研究。這兩種研究思路為后來的西王母研究提供了珍貴的參考價值。建國以后,西王母研究不再局限于傳統(tǒng)上的文學(xué)和文字研究,這主要表現(xiàn)在多種學(xué)科的交叉,多種研究方法的引入,西王母研究成為一個集文獻(xiàn)學(xué)、考古學(xué)、哲學(xué)、歷史學(xué)、民俗學(xué)、人類學(xué)等為一體的多學(xué)科交叉的研究課題。 第一章為西王母故事的文本形態(tài)演變綜述,以人物、情節(jié)和意象為切入點(diǎn),按照時代先后梳理西王母故事相關(guān)文本的流變過程。西王母故事由先秦諸子和史籍中粗陳概要式的發(fā)展為漢魏六朝道經(jīng)和仙話小說中充滿瑰麗想象的王母降授傳說,最終演變?yōu)樗未院笸ㄋ仔≌f和戲劇作品中祥瑞化的王母蟠桃會故事。在這個過程中,西王母故事中的人物、情節(jié)和意象都在不斷豐富,西王母本身也經(jīng)歷了一個由兇神轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)殚L生女神,再上升為道教至尊女仙,直至元代以后成為民俗化的祥瑞之神的過程。 第二章為王母會君故事與中國古代的君神關(guān)系。王母會君故事始于《竹書紀(jì)年》和《穆天子傳》中的穆王見王母故事,在此之后,相繼有禹、舜、堯、漢武帝、燕昭王、宋徽宗等成為西王母的座上賓。在人物和情節(jié)變化的背后,隱含的是宗教之“神”與王權(quán)之“君”之間的互動關(guān)系。這具體表現(xiàn)為,為神立言的文本,如道教仙話中,帝王求仙王母來會的故事情節(jié)是神仙實(shí)有、仙道可致的最有效的例證,同時借君王之權(quán)位抬高自我。在為君立言的文本,如儒家的政治神話中,君王有道王母來朝的故事情節(jié)是四海升平、安定祥瑞的標(biāo)志。這種狀況隨著明清時期君主專制達(dá)到頂峰和宗教的式微而逐漸趨于沉寂。 第三章為王母獻(xiàn)授故事與中國古代的靈物崇拜。王母獻(xiàn)授故事最早始于先秦時王母獻(xiàn)舜美玉的傳說,體現(xiàn)了中國自上古以來對于美玉的崇拜。兩漢開始,受到儒學(xué)神學(xué)化和道教思想的雙重影響,王母獻(xiàn)授故事在讖緯之書和道教典籍中呈現(xiàn)出完全不同的雙線發(fā)展趨勢。一個沿著符瑞化的方向發(fā)展,成為了儒家政治神話的一部分；另一個沿著道教化的方向發(fā)展,成為了道教傳經(jīng)仙話的一部分。宋代以后,王母獻(xiàn)授故事被賦予了慶壽的主題,蟠桃靈物因?yàn)橥跄阁刺視楣?jié)而得以彰顯,其他靈物趨向于沒落。 第四章為王母開宴故事與中國古代的宴飲壽慶文化。王母開宴始于西王母與周穆王的瑤池之會,宴飲唱和。兩漢起,王母之宴的主人公換成了“好為仙道”的漢武帝以及慕仙求道的茅盈和魏夫人,王母群仙會情節(jié)開始形成。于此同時,王母這一人物開始出現(xiàn)在漢魏六朝的樂舞百戲和唐代的雛形戲劇中,這些都為宋元明清四朝王母蟠桃會故事在通俗小說和戲劇中的繁盛奠定了基礎(chǔ)。 第五章為西王母故事和西王母信仰。西王母故事自《山海經(jīng)》起就已經(jīng)帶有了原始信仰的色彩,在戰(zhàn)國以來的神仙思想影響下,西王母逐漸被美化和神化。漢末道教興起后,上清經(jīng)派將其納入自己的神仙體系,并尊之為女仙之首。元代以后,道教漸衰,西王母信仰在與民間宗教和民間信仰相結(jié)合的過程中逐漸走向了民間化和民俗化。
[Abstract]:Is one of the most important gods Chinese queen mother of the West in ancient times, in the Warring States period of the immortal belief, plays an important role since the late Han Dynasty, Taoism belief and folk religion of the Ming and Qing Dynasties. From the evolution of Western Queen belief can be see evolution of religious belief in ancient China, and evolution of the story is not only with the queen mother of the West religion, political and social background, the development of popular culture and folk literature and art. Therefore the queen mother of the West story related text based on the interaction between the deep connotation of literary text and culture is very necessary.
The full text is divided into six parts, the first part is introduction, the second part is the queen mother of the West story text evolution review. Third to the sixth part is the main part of the thesis, the queen mother of the West story of the three story types, explore the evolution process and the text behind the deep cultural connotation.
The introduction part can be divided into two parts, a review of the West since twentieth Century. Before 1949, to discuss the queen mother of the West's focus on two issues, one is to Zhang Binglin, Ding Qian, Gu real scholars represented by the literature of the West Queen race and the other one is looking at. Lu Xun, Mao Dun, Wu Han, Lv Simian as the representative of the scholars study on the evolution of the introduction of Western Anthropology and cultural studies methods to carry out the queen mother of the west myth. These two kinds of research ideas for the later study of the queen mother of the West provides valuable reference value. The research, literature and text of the queen mother of the west is no longer confined to tradition. This cross is mainly manifested in a variety of disciplines, the introduction of a variety of research methods, research the queen mother of the West into a set of philology, archaeology, philosophy, history, folklore, anthropology and other disciplines for interdisciplinary research Study the subject.
The first chapter is the evolution of the queen mother of the West story text summary to the characters, plot and image as a starting point, according to the rheological process of combing Sinim story time related text. The story from the pre Qin and the West Queen in history to the development of coarse Chen almost drop as the legend of the Han Wei and Six Dynasties "Taoist Scriptures and the immortal novels full of magnificent imagine the queen mother, eventually evolved into the auspicious Song Dynasty popular novels and drama in the queen peach will story. In this process, the queen mother of the West story characters, plots and images are continuously enriched, the queen mother of the West itself has gone from a demon into immortal goddess, then rose to Taoism female Xian, become the process of folk auspicious God until the Yuan Dynasty.
The second chapter is the relationship with the ancient China story will Jun Jun God. The story begins with the Bamboo Annals will Jun < > and < > in the Mu Mu Tianzi see the Queen Mother story, after this, there have been Yao, Shun, Yu, Han Wudi, Yanzhao Wang, Song Huizong became the queen mother of the West behind the guest. The characters and plot changes, the implicit interaction between religion and kingship "God" of "monarch". This is a concrete manifestation of God, as the text sets, such as Taoism, Emperor Qiuxian to be queen of the story is the most effective example, can cause the Akira at the same time, by the king of the power of self elevation. In the text as monarch sets, such as Confucian political mythology, King Queen to plot is a symbol of peace in the world, good stability. This situation with the monarchy reached its peak during the Ming and Qing Dynasties and religious type micro gradually Quiet.
The third chapter is the present grant story and worship of ancient China. She offered grant story first began in the Qin Dynasty when Wang Muxian Shun jade legend, embodies the Chinese since ancient times for jade worship. The Han Dynasty began, influenced by Confucianism and Taoism theology, Wang mother offered the story presents the development trend of double award completely different in divination book and Taoist classics. A symbol Ruihua along the direction of development, become a part of the Confucian political myths; another along the road in the direction of the development of education, become a part of Taoist immortal. By the Song Dynasty, the story was given a grant offer Qingshou theme peach, Fetish because the queen mother would peach plot to highlight other Fetish tends to decline.
The fourth chapter is the story of the ancient feast and Chinese cultural feast. The birthday celebration feast began in the West Queen and King Mu of the pool, and feasting. In the Han Dynasty, the feast of the protagonist into the "good for the Immortal Emperor Wudi and Mu Xian Tao Mao Ying and Wei, Wang Mu the plot will immortals begin to form. At the same time, the queen mother of the figure began to appear in the form of the Six Dynasties and the Tang Dynasty Music - dance drama, the song and Yuan during the four dynasties Pantao will lay the foundation in popular fiction and drama in the prosperous story.
The fifth chapter is the queen mother of the West and Western Queen belief. The story of the queen mother of the West story from The Classic of the Great Wilderness has been with the original belief in color, immortal thoughts influence the Warring States, the queen mother of the west is gradually rising. At the end of the Han Dynasty and beautify the deification of Taoism, the supernatant sent to incorporate into their immortal system, and respect as the first female immortal. After the Yuan Dynasty, Taoism gradually decline, the queen mother of the west to folk belief and folk custom gradually in combination with folk religion and folk beliefs.

【學(xué)位授予單位】：南開大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2014
【分類號】：I206.2

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