本文選題：勞動力極化 + 技能偏向性技術(shù)進步　； 參考：《安徽大學(xué)》2016年博士論文

【摘要】：20世紀下半葉,歐美發(fā)達國家的勞動力市場出現(xiàn)了以勞動力技能需求分化為特點的變動趨勢,以大學(xué)畢業(yè)生為代表的高技能勞動力的相對需求和就業(yè)比重增加、高技能勞動力與低技能勞動力的相對工資上漲使就業(yè)技能結(jié)構(gòu)表現(xiàn)為“升級”特點。90年代以來,勞動力就業(yè)呈現(xiàn)出“極化”趨勢。與就業(yè)升級類似,高技能勞動力的就業(yè)比重和收入比重仍在顯著上漲。不同的則是除高技能勞動力之外,其他勞動力的就業(yè)和工資狀況進一步分化。與中等技能勞動力相比,低技能勞動力的就業(yè)和收入下降趨緩甚至有所上升。若按技能水平對職業(yè)進行排序,不同技能水平職業(yè)的就業(yè)比重和工資增長呈現(xiàn)非單調(diào)、兩端上升、中間塌陷的“U”型。已有研究主要從技能偏向性技術(shù)進步和“常規(guī)性”模型、中間品貿(mào)易和離岸外包的角度對就業(yè)技能結(jié)構(gòu)的演變展開了大量理論研究與實證檢驗。在發(fā)達國家勞動力極化的背景下,發(fā)展中國家的就業(yè)技能結(jié)構(gòu)也在發(fā)生變化。新常態(tài)中加大技術(shù)創(chuàng)新力度、經(jīng)濟轉(zhuǎn)型升級向創(chuàng)新驅(qū)動轉(zhuǎn)變、資本流動與產(chǎn)業(yè)轉(zhuǎn)移框架下積極融入全球產(chǎn)業(yè)價值鏈使得我國的就業(yè)技能結(jié)構(gòu)呈現(xiàn)出不同于以往的變化趨勢。目前國內(nèi)研究大多著眼于以高技能勞動力就業(yè)和收入比重上升為特點的勞動力就業(yè)升級,圍繞就業(yè)升級的表現(xiàn)、原因和治理措施展開一系列相關(guān)研究,而關(guān)于勞動力極化的研究相對偏少。本文遵循“發(fā)展現(xiàn)狀-影響因素-經(jīng)濟效應(yīng)-優(yōu)化路徑”的邏輯思路,從技術(shù)進步、貿(mào)易開放、產(chǎn)業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)升級、工業(yè)化與城鎮(zhèn)化發(fā)展以及城鄉(xiāng)勞動力流動的發(fā)展背景出發(fā),對我國勞動力極化的發(fā)展趨勢和前因后果展開系統(tǒng)性研究,提出完善勞動力技能供需匹配、提高勞動力技能水平、促進就業(yè)與經(jīng)濟增長協(xié)調(diào)發(fā)展的對策建議。首先,對我國1978年以來勞動力就業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)和工資結(jié)構(gòu)的演變歷史與發(fā)展路徑進行考察和梳理,從總體、產(chǎn)業(yè)內(nèi)和區(qū)域間等方面多角度刻畫我國就業(yè)技能結(jié)構(gòu)變遷的特點與規(guī)律。研究結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn),我國的就業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)和工資結(jié)構(gòu)也同樣經(jīng)歷了從“升級”到“極化”的變刮趨勢。與國外極化不同的是,我國的勞動力極化呈現(xiàn)出“N”型而非“U”型特點。同時,相對于中等技能勞動力,高技能勞動力就業(yè)的顯著上升和低技能勞動力就業(yè)的適度增加使得我國的勞動力極化呈現(xiàn)出“極化升級”的趨勢。其次,基于我國經(jīng)濟社會發(fā)展現(xiàn)實,從技能偏向性技術(shù)進步、貿(mào)易開放、產(chǎn)業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)升級和城鎮(zhèn)化四個方面對我國勞動力極化的影響因素展開理論機制分析和實證檢驗。理論研究表明,技術(shù)進步的技能偏向性引發(fā)技術(shù)與技能互補,推動高技能勞動力相對需求和相對工資上漲。資本體現(xiàn)式技術(shù)進步背景下的中間品進口、外商直接投資(FDI)及其技術(shù)外溢效應(yīng)提高了對高技能勞動力的相對需求,中間品出口通過出口產(chǎn)品的質(zhì)量-技能補充機制提高了對高技能勞動力的相對需求,通過發(fā)揮比較優(yōu)勢提高了對低技能勞動力的相對需求。產(chǎn)業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)升級和城鎮(zhèn)化則分別從不同方向和路徑對各個技能水平勞動力就業(yè)發(fā)揮作用。實證分析中,基于我國2001-2012年的省際面板數(shù)據(jù),通過構(gòu)建動態(tài)面板模型考察了技能偏向性技術(shù)進步、貿(mào)易開放、產(chǎn)業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)升級和城鎮(zhèn)化對我國勞動力極化的影響路徑、方向和程度,引入交互項分析影響因素間的交互作用對勞動力極化的作用路徑,并進一步將樣本分為東部、中部和西部考察了極化影響因素的區(qū)域性差異。實證研究結(jié)果表明,技能偏向性技術(shù)進步、中間品進口的技術(shù)外溢和城鎮(zhèn)化發(fā)展增加了對高技能勞動力的相對需求,對外貿(mào)易和離岸外包提升了對低技能勞動力的相對需求,FDI和產(chǎn)業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)升級則對勞動力技能需求具有“U”型的非線性影響。通過交互項分析發(fā)現(xiàn),技術(shù)進步抑制了FDI和產(chǎn)業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)升級對低技能勞動力就業(yè)的帶動效應(yīng),增強了其對高技能勞動力就業(yè)的促進作用。貿(mào)易開放弱化了技術(shù)進步對高技能勞動力就業(yè)的帶動作用,抑制了產(chǎn)業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)升級對高技能勞動力的相對需求。城鎮(zhèn)化與產(chǎn)業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)升級耦合發(fā)展對高技能勞動力產(chǎn)生更多需求。再次,從經(jīng)濟增長和收入不平等兩個角度考察了勞動力極化可能引發(fā)的經(jīng)濟效應(yīng)。通過構(gòu)建固定效應(yīng)面板模型,對勞動力極化與經(jīng)濟增長和收入不平等之間的關(guān)系展開實證研究。從勞動力極化對經(jīng)濟增長的影響效應(yīng)來看,高技能勞動力就業(yè)比重增加、技能偏向性技術(shù)進步與技能互補推動經(jīng)濟持續(xù)增長。以農(nóng)民工為主要代表的低技能勞動力支撐了我國低成本工業(yè)化和城鎮(zhèn)化的快速發(fā)展,但其難以給經(jīng)濟增長帶來持久動力,最終產(chǎn)生阻礙作用。從勞動力極化對收入不平等的影響效應(yīng)來看,高技能勞動力相對工資上漲導(dǎo)致收入差距擴大,但內(nèi)生的技能供給增加會反向抑制收入差距擴大。低技能勞動力相對工資上升會縮小收入差距,但由于缺乏持續(xù)的工資上升動力,收入差距將又呈現(xiàn)出擴大趨勢。最后,作為多數(shù)國家勞動力市場就業(yè)技能結(jié)構(gòu)演變的一種普遍趨勢,極化與勞動力的就業(yè)狀況、收入差距乃至宏觀經(jīng)濟發(fā)展緊密相連。綜合理論和實證研究,本文從增加高技能勞動力供給、提升整體勞動力技能水平,促進技術(shù)自主創(chuàng)新、縮小不同技能勞動力之間的收入差距,積極參與國際經(jīng)濟分工、促進產(chǎn)業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)升級等角度提出完善技能的供需匹配、促進就業(yè)與經(jīng)濟增長良性互動的治理措施,為相關(guān)的制度設(shè)計和政策制定提供思路。
[Abstract]:In the second half of the twentieth Century, the labor market in the developed countries of Europe and the United States appeared in the change trend characterized by the labor skill demand differentiation. The relative demand and employment proportion of high skilled labor represented by college graduates increased. The higher skilled labor force and low skilled labor force raised the employment skill structure as "rising". Since the age of.90, labor employment has shown a "polarization" trend. Similar to employment upgrading, the proportion of employment and income of high skilled labor is still rising significantly. The difference is in addition to the high skilled labor force, the employment and wages of other labor are divided into one step. Compared with the medium skilled labor, the low skill is low. The employment and income decline of labor force has slowed or even increased. The employment proportion and wage growth of different skill level occupations are not monotonous, both ends rise and the middle collapse "U". The angle of offshore outsourcing has carried out a large number of theoretical and empirical tests on the evolution of employment skills structure. Under the background of the labor polarization in developed countries, the employment skills structure of the developing countries is also changing. The new norm has increased the technological innovation, the transformation of economic transformation and upgrading to the innovation driven, the capital flow and the industrial transfer frame With the active integration of the global industrial value chain under the frame, the employment skills structure of our country is different from that of the past. At present, the domestic research is mostly focused on the labor employment upgrading characterized by high skilled labor employment and the increase in the proportion of income. Research on the polarization of labor force is relatively small. This paper follows the logical thinking of "development status - influence factor - economic effect - optimization path", from the background of technological progress, trade opening, industrial structure upgrading, industrialization and urbanization and the development of urban and rural labor flow, and the trend of the development of China's labor polarization. The systematic study of the potential and the causes and consequences is carried out, and the countermeasures and suggestions are put forward to improve the match of the supply and demand of labor force, improve the skill level of the labor force and promote the coordinated development of the employment and economic growth. First, the history and development path of the labor employment structure and wage structure in China since 1978 are examined and combed, from the overall, in the industry. The research results show that the employment structure and wage structure in our country have also experienced the changing trend from "upgrading" to "polarization". Unlike foreign polarization, China's labor polarization is characterized by "N" rather than "U". At the same time, compared with the medium skilled labor force, the significant increase in the employment of high skilled labor force and the moderate increase in the employment of low skilled labor make the polarization of labor polarization in China present a trend of "polarization upgrades". Secondly, based on the reality of economic and social development in our country, the technical progress, trade opening, industrial structure upgrading and city have been developed. The four aspects of the urbanization have carried out the theoretical mechanism analysis and empirical test on the influence factors of the labor polarization in China. The theoretical study shows that the skill bias of the technological progress complements the technology and skills, promotes the relative demand and relative wage of the high skilled labor force. Investment (FDI) and its technological spillover effects increase the relative demand for highly skilled labour. Intermediate exports increase the relative demand for highly skilled labor through the quality of the export products, and improve the relative demand for low skilled labor by playing a comparative advantage. Industrial structure upgrading and urbanization are different. In the empirical analysis, based on the inter provincial panel data of 2001-2012 years in China, through the construction of dynamic panel model, this paper examines the path, direction and course of the influence of skill biased technological progress, trade opening, industrial structure upgrading and urbanization on the polarization of labor force in China. The interaction between the interaction factors and the interaction effect on the polarization of labor force is introduced, and the regional differences between the East, the middle and the West are further examined in the eastern, central and western regions. The results of the empirical study show that the technical spillover and the urbanization of the intermediate goods are increased by technical bias. The relative demand of high skilled labor force, foreign trade and offshore outsourcing enhance the relative demand for low skilled labor, FDI and industrial structure upgrading have a "U" nonlinear effect on the labor skill demand. Through the interactive analysis, the technological progress inhibits the FDI and the upgrading of industrial structure to the low skilled labor force. The dynamic effect has enhanced its role in promoting the employment of high skilled labor. Trade liberalization has weakened the driving effect of technological progress on high skilled labor employment, restraining the relative demand of industrial structure upgrading to high skilled labor. The coupling of urbanization and industrial structure upgrading produces more demand for highly skilled labor. An empirical study on the relationship between labor polarization and economic growth and income inequality is carried out by building a fixed effect panel model from two angles of economic growth and income inequality. The low skilled labor force with migrant workers as the main representative has supported the rapid development of low cost industrialization and urbanization in China, but it is difficult to bring lasting impetus to economic growth and ultimately impede effect. From the polarization of labor force to income inequality The effect of the ringing effect shows that the relative wage rise in high skilled labor leads to the widening income gap, but the increase of endogenous skills supply will reverse the widening of the income gap. A general trend in the evolution of employment skills structure in the labor market of several countries, polarization is closely connected with the employment situation of labor, income gap and the development of macro economy. Comprehensive theory and empirical research, this article is to increase the supply of high skilled labor, improve the level of the overall labor technology and energy, promote technological innovation and reduce the different skills. The income gap between the labor force, the active participation in the international economic division of labor, and the promotion of the upgrading of the industrial structure put forward the matching of the supply and demand of the skills, and the measures to promote the benign interaction between the employment and the economic growth, and provide the ideas for the related system design and policy formulation.

【學(xué)位授予單位】：安徽大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2016
【分類號】：F249.2
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本文編號：1865478