本文關(guān)鍵詞：南北貿(mào)易、產(chǎn)權(quán)制度對(duì)發(fā)展中國(guó)家生態(tài)資源的影響研究　出處：《華中科技大學(xué)》2016年博士論文　論文類型：學(xué)位論文

  更多相關(guān)文章： 南北貿(mào)易 產(chǎn)權(quán)制度 生態(tài)資源 貧瘠化

【摘要】：生態(tài)資源是人類賴以生存的物質(zhì)基礎(chǔ),是現(xiàn)代經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)的基本投入要素之一。對(duì)于工業(yè)化起步較晚的發(fā)展中國(guó)家來(lái)說(shuō),近三十年來(lái)快速的經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng),使其對(duì)生態(tài)資源的需求呈現(xiàn)前所未有的上升。隨之而來(lái)的生態(tài)資源的過(guò)度開(kāi)采,導(dǎo)致發(fā)展中國(guó)家的生態(tài)資源基礎(chǔ)被逐漸削弱,出現(xiàn)了貧瘠化的趨勢(shì)。而這一生態(tài)資源問(wèn)題,正日益成為發(fā)展中國(guó)家社會(huì)與經(jīng)濟(jì)向前發(fā)展的制約因素。世界大部分發(fā)展中國(guó)家擁有兩個(gè)類似的特征：一是隨著世界經(jīng)濟(jì)一體化的不斷推進(jìn),近三十年來(lái)發(fā)展中國(guó)家進(jìn)行了不同程度的貿(mào)易自由化改革,減少貿(mào)易壁壘,對(duì)發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家貿(mào)易迅速增長(zhǎng)；二是國(guó)內(nèi)制度不完善,尤其是生態(tài)資源產(chǎn)權(quán)制度是非市場(chǎng)型的,主要表現(xiàn)在對(duì)生態(tài)資源產(chǎn)權(quán)的維護(hù)強(qiáng)度較低、產(chǎn)權(quán)歸屬不明晰以及產(chǎn)權(quán)管理相關(guān)法律法規(guī)不完善三個(gè)方面。因此,我們不禁要問(wèn),南北貿(mào)易與非市場(chǎng)型的產(chǎn)權(quán)制度是否導(dǎo)致了發(fā)展中國(guó)家生態(tài)資源趨于逐漸貧瘠化?基于這個(gè)問(wèn)題,本文提出“非市場(chǎng)型的產(chǎn)權(quán)制度導(dǎo)致發(fā)展中國(guó)家生態(tài)資源趨于貧瘠化”的假說(shuō),試圖在邏輯上對(duì)這一假說(shuō)的作用機(jī)制進(jìn)行論證,并在數(shù)理模型與實(shí)證分析上對(duì)其加以證明。根據(jù)資源增長(zhǎng)方式的不同,生態(tài)資源可分為三類：第一類是非生物性可再生資源,主要包括土地資源和水資源等,這類資源沒(méi)有生命且存量基本固定,隨著資源不斷使用,質(zhì)量可能逐漸下降,但如果保護(hù)得當(dāng),可以恢復(fù)和循環(huán)使用。第二類是生物性可再生資源,主要包括各種動(dòng)物、植物和微生物資源等,這類資源有生命且存量按照某種增長(zhǎng)方式增長(zhǎng)。第三類是不可再生資源,主要包括煤炭、石油、天然氣與礦石資源等,這類資源存量固定且在使用過(guò)程中,存量會(huì)不斷減少,具有明顯的可耗竭性。針對(duì)三類生態(tài)資源的不同特點(diǎn),本文考察的側(cè)重點(diǎn)有所不同。首先,對(duì)于非生物性可再生資源,由于其存量基本固定且可以恢復(fù)和循環(huán)使用,本文考察的側(cè)重點(diǎn)在于南北貿(mào)易與產(chǎn)權(quán)制度對(duì)資源質(zhì)量的影響,本文將資源質(zhì)量下降稱之為“退化”；其次,對(duì)于生物性可再生資源,由于其存量按照某一增長(zhǎng)方式增長(zhǎng),本文考察的側(cè)重點(diǎn)在于南北貿(mào)易與產(chǎn)權(quán)制度對(duì)資源存量的影響,本文將資源存量下降稱之為“損耗”：然后,對(duì)于不可再生資源,由于其存量固定且具有明顯的可耗竭性,本文考察的側(cè)重點(diǎn)在于南北貿(mào)易與產(chǎn)權(quán)制度對(duì)資源開(kāi)采速度的影響,本文將資源開(kāi)采速度加快稱之為“加速開(kāi)采”。最后,對(duì)于生態(tài)資源的整體,本文將其“質(zhì)量退化”、“存量損耗”與“開(kāi)采加速”概括為生態(tài)資源逐漸“貧瘠化”。根據(jù)生態(tài)資源的分類方法,本文分別考察南北貿(mào)易與產(chǎn)權(quán)制度對(duì)發(fā)展中國(guó)家三類生態(tài)資源的影響,從以下六個(gè)方面展開(kāi)：第一,以中國(guó)為例分析了發(fā)展中國(guó)家生態(tài)資源存量的變化趨勢(shì),發(fā)現(xiàn)發(fā)展中國(guó)家生態(tài)資源存量處于不斷減少的過(guò)程之中。接著分析了導(dǎo)致發(fā)展中國(guó)家生態(tài)資源存量不斷減少的因素,發(fā)現(xiàn)南北貿(mào)易與非市場(chǎng)型的產(chǎn)權(quán)制度起著重要作用。然后進(jìn)一步闡述了開(kāi)放貿(mào)易下非市場(chǎng)型的產(chǎn)權(quán)制度導(dǎo)致發(fā)展中國(guó)家生態(tài)資源存量不斷減少的作用機(jī)制。第二,在Brander and Taylor(1997)可再生資源標(biāo)準(zhǔn)模型基礎(chǔ)上,引入內(nèi)生的資源產(chǎn)權(quán)歸屬,考察南北貿(mào)易與不對(duì)稱的資源產(chǎn)權(quán)歸屬對(duì)發(fā)展中國(guó)家非生物性可再生資源的影響。結(jié)果顯示：南方國(guó)家基于優(yōu)先發(fā)展工業(yè)的目標(biāo)函數(shù)而內(nèi)生地選擇了公有制的資源產(chǎn)權(quán)歸屬方式,北方國(guó)家基于國(guó)民效用最大化的目標(biāo)函數(shù)而內(nèi)生地選擇了私有制的資源產(chǎn)權(quán)歸屬方式。當(dāng)開(kāi)放到貿(mào)易以后,不對(duì)稱的資源產(chǎn)權(quán)歸屬使南方國(guó)家非生物性可再生資源加速退化,而北方國(guó)家非生物性可再生資源得到保護(hù)。第三,在Brander and Taylor(1997)可再生資源標(biāo)準(zhǔn)模型基礎(chǔ)上,分別引入對(duì)稱的生物性可再生資源產(chǎn)權(quán)歸屬——南北方國(guó)家資源皆為國(guó)有,與不對(duì)稱的生物性可再生資源產(chǎn)權(quán)歸屬——南方國(guó)家資源國(guó)有、北方國(guó)家資源私有,考察南北兩國(guó)內(nèi)生的產(chǎn)權(quán)維護(hù)強(qiáng)度及南北貿(mào)易對(duì)兩國(guó)穩(wěn)態(tài)資源存量的影響。結(jié)果顯示：無(wú)論是對(duì)稱的還是不對(duì)稱的生物性可再生資源產(chǎn)權(quán)歸屬,南方國(guó)家產(chǎn)權(quán)維護(hù)強(qiáng)度低于北方國(guó)家,唯一地決定了南北貿(mào)易將導(dǎo)致南方國(guó)家資源存量逐漸下降,且長(zhǎng)期福利水平下降；北方國(guó)家資源存量不斷增加,且長(zhǎng)期福利水平上升。因此。非市場(chǎng)型的產(chǎn)權(quán)制度導(dǎo)致了發(fā)展中國(guó)家生物性可再生資源趨于“損耗”。第四,建立了一個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單的不可再生資源數(shù)理模型,用以考察南北貿(mào)易與非市場(chǎng)型的產(chǎn)權(quán)制度對(duì)發(fā)展中國(guó)家不可再生資源開(kāi)采的影響。為此,我們首先考察了開(kāi)放貿(mào)易下不可再生資源的最優(yōu)資源稅/補(bǔ)貼選擇,發(fā)現(xiàn)最優(yōu)資源稅/補(bǔ)貼與資源品的世界相對(duì)價(jià)格息息相關(guān)。接著分析了發(fā)展中國(guó)家較低的產(chǎn)權(quán)維護(hù)強(qiáng)度——資源稅水平低于(或資源補(bǔ)貼水平高于)發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家對(duì)其不可再生資源開(kāi)采的影響,發(fā)現(xiàn)較低的產(chǎn)權(quán)維護(hù)強(qiáng)度導(dǎo)致不可再生資源加速開(kāi)采。然后進(jìn)一步分析了發(fā)展中國(guó)家資源產(chǎn)權(quán)歸屬面臨的國(guó)有化風(fēng)險(xiǎn)對(duì)不可再生資源開(kāi)采的影響,發(fā)現(xiàn)當(dāng)國(guó)有化風(fēng)險(xiǎn)處于中間水平時(shí),資源開(kāi)采量急劇增長(zhǎng),這意味著資源被加速開(kāi)采。因此,非市場(chǎng)型的產(chǎn)權(quán)制度導(dǎo)致了發(fā)展中國(guó)家不可再生資源“加速流失”。第五,使用現(xiàn)實(shí)世界數(shù)據(jù)檢驗(yàn)本文的“非市場(chǎng)型的產(chǎn)權(quán)制度導(dǎo)致發(fā)展中國(guó)家生態(tài)資源趨于逐漸貧瘠化”假說(shuō)�；�2002-2008年56個(gè)發(fā)展中國(guó)家與36個(gè)發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)際的面板數(shù)據(jù),本文采用截面加權(quán)估計(jì)方法考察發(fā)展中國(guó)家非市場(chǎng)型的產(chǎn)權(quán)制度是否會(huì)導(dǎo)致其生態(tài)資源趨于逐漸貧瘠化,發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家市場(chǎng)型的產(chǎn)權(quán)制度是否導(dǎo)致其生態(tài)資源得到保護(hù),以及該過(guò)程是否通過(guò)南北貿(mào)易起主要作用。結(jié)果顯示：非市場(chǎng)型的產(chǎn)權(quán)制度確實(shí)導(dǎo)致了發(fā)展中國(guó)家生態(tài)資源趨于逐漸貧瘠化,市場(chǎng)型的產(chǎn)權(quán)制度導(dǎo)致了發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家生態(tài)資源得到保護(hù),且該過(guò)程主要通過(guò)南北貿(mào)易起作用。因此,南北貿(mào)易只是發(fā)展中國(guó)家生態(tài)資源逐漸貧瘠化的渠道,是為“表面原因”,非市場(chǎng)型的產(chǎn)權(quán)制度才是導(dǎo)致發(fā)展中國(guó)家生態(tài)資源逐漸貧瘠化的真正影響因素,是為“本質(zhì)原因”。最后,本文對(duì)發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家完善的生態(tài)資源管理經(jīng)驗(yàn)進(jìn)行了總結(jié)。在此基礎(chǔ)上,結(jié)合本文的研究結(jié)論,針對(duì)發(fā)展中國(guó)家的實(shí)際國(guó)情,本文提出了應(yīng)對(duì)生態(tài)資源逐漸貧瘠化的政策建議。
[Abstract]:Ecological resources are the material basis for human survival, and one of the basic input elements of modern economic growth. For the developing countries with a late start of industrialization, the rapid economic growth in the past thirty years has made the demand for ecological resources rise unprecedentedly. The consequent overexploitation of ecological resources has led to the gradual weakening of the ecological resource base of developing countries, and the trend of barren and infertile. This problem of ecological resources is increasingly becoming a restrictive factor for the development of the society and economy in developing countries. Most developing countries in the world have two similar characteristics: one is with the integration of the world economy continues to advance, nearly thirty years of developing countries of trade liberalization reform in different degree, reduce trade barriers and trade in developed countries is rapidly growing; two is the system is not perfect, especially the ecological resources property rights system is non market type the property is mainly on the ecological resources of the maintenance of low strength and unclear property ownership and property management related laws and regulations is not perfect in three aspects. Therefore, we must ask the North South trade and non market type of property rights in developing countries tend to be barren of ecological resources? Based on this issue, this "non market type of property right system of the ecological resources in developing countries tends to impoverishment" hypothesis, trying to logically the mechanism of this hypothesis is demonstrated, and prove the mathematical model and empirical analysis. According to the growth pattern of different resources, ecological resources can be divided into three categories: the first category is non biological renewable resources, including land resources and water resources, such resources are not life and stock of basic fixed, with the growing use of resources, quality may gradually decline, but if properly protected, can be recovered and recycled. The second type is biological renewable resources, which mainly includes all kinds of animals, plants and microorganism resources. These resources have life and stock growth in a certain way. The third category is non renewable resources, including coal, oil, natural gas and ore resources. The stock of such resources is fixed and the stock will decrease continuously during the use process, which has obvious exhaustion. In view of the different characteristics of the three types of ecological resources, the emphasis of this paper is different. First of all, for the non biological renewable resources, because of its stock of basic fixed and can be recovered and recycled, the emphasis lies in the influence of North South trade and the property rights system of resource quality, the declining quality of resources called "degenerate"; secondly, for bio renewable resources, because of its stock in a growth this paper emphasizes the way of growth, lies in the influence of North South trade and property rights system of resources, the resource stock decline is called "loss": then, for non renewable resources, due to the stock of fixed and has obvious exhaustible, the emphasis lies in the influence of North South trade and the property rights system of mining rate the exploitation of resources, accelerate the speed of called "accelerated mining". Finally, for the entirety of ecological resources, the paper summarizes the "quality degradation", "stock loss" and "mining acceleration" as "gradual depletion of ecological resources". According to the classification of ecological resources, this paper investigated the influence of North South trade and the property rights system of ecological resources of three developing countries, from the following six aspects: first, to Chinese as an example to analyze the change trend of developing ecological resources, ecological resources development that is in a continuous process of reducing China. Then the factors that lead to the decreasing of the stock of ecological resources in developing countries have been analyzed, and it is found that the property rights system of the north and South trade and the non market type plays an important role. Then it further expounds the mechanism of the non market property rights system under open trade which leads to the continuous reduction of the stock of ecological resources in developing countries. Second, on the basis of Brander and Taylor (1997) renewable resource standard model, the endogenous property right attribution is introduced to investigate the impact of the North South trade and the asymmetric property right attribution on the abiotic renewable resources in developing countries. The results show that: Based on the priority function of the industrial development, the southern countries choose the ownership mode of the public ownership of resources in an endogenous way, and the northern countries choose the ownership mode of the private ownership of resources based on the objective function of the maximization of the national utility. After opening to trade, the attribution of asymmetric property rights of resources has accelerated the degradation of non biotic renewable resources in southern countries, while the abiotic renewable resources in northern countries have been protected. In third, Brander and Taylor (1997) based on the standard model of renewable resources, introducing symmetric biological renewable resources property rights -- North and south of the national resources are state-owned, and asymmetric biological renewable resources property rights - the national resources in the south, north of state-owned national resources on both the north and South in private, property maintenance effect North South trade on both steady state strength and resources. The results showed that: both the symmetric or asymmetric biological renewable resources property ownership, property maintenance strength is lower than the South North countries, only determine the North South trade will lead to the South resources gradually decreased, and the long-term welfare decline; the northern countries resources continue to increase, and the long-term welfare rise. So. The non market property rights system has led to the "loss" of biological renewable resources in developing countries. Fourth, a simple non renewable resource mathematical model is set up to examine the South and North Trade and non market property rights system to the developing countries
【學(xué)位授予單位】：華中科技大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2016
【分類號(hào)】：F752.6;F124.5
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本文編號(hào)：1344412