【摘要】：作為自然界中唯一進(jìn)化出飛行能力的哺乳動(dòng)物,蝙蝠具有靈敏且精確度極高的生物聲吶系統(tǒng),小蝙蝠亞目的所有種類的蝙蝠都是利用自身的生物聲吶系統(tǒng)完成捕食和環(huán)境探測(cè)等一系列行為。蝙蝠通過喉腔中聲帶振動(dòng)產(chǎn)生的超聲波信號(hào),口腔和鼻葉作為聲音通道使得超聲波信號(hào)向外發(fā)射,隨后周圍環(huán)境中的生物或者非生物作為障礙物會(huì)使發(fā)射出的超聲波信號(hào)受阻并發(fā)射產(chǎn)生回波信號(hào),蝙蝠的耳朵作為生物聲吶系統(tǒng)的接收部分會(huì)接收回波信號(hào)。目前的研究工作表明,在超聲波向外傳播的過程中,蝙蝠頭部的某些生物聲吶器官(例如耳廓、耳屏等結(jié)構(gòu))會(huì)在超聲波信號(hào)向外傳播的過程中對(duì)蝙蝠的發(fā)射聲場(chǎng)產(chǎn)生影響。本文研究?jī)?nèi)容主要包括兩部分:(1)捕獲研究對(duì)象并完成中華菊頭蝠雙耳耳廓運(yùn)動(dòng)軌跡的提取。在適合蝙蝠生活的野外洞穴中捕獲中華菊頭蝠樣品后,使用高分辨率高速攝像機(jī)拍攝不同方向不同角度的棋盤格圖片和蝙蝠接收聲音信號(hào)時(shí)雙耳運(yùn)動(dòng)的圖片,其中棋盤格圖片用于相機(jī)標(biāo)定,蝙蝠雙耳運(yùn)動(dòng)圖用于提取蝙蝠耳廓上人工標(biāo)記的二維點(diǎn)信息,結(jié)合相機(jī)標(biāo)定結(jié)果和蝙蝠耳廓二維點(diǎn)信息,綜合得到蝙蝠雙耳的運(yùn)動(dòng)軌跡。(2)研究主要包括捕獲研究對(duì)象并完成馬來假吸血蝠耳廓的三維重構(gòu)和數(shù)值計(jì)算兩部分。采集得到馬來假吸血蝠作為實(shí)驗(yàn)對(duì)象后,利用高分辨率Micro-CT掃描儀對(duì)馬來假吸血蝠耳廓結(jié)構(gòu)進(jìn)行X射線掃描,得到馬來假吸血蝠耳廓結(jié)構(gòu)的X射線投影圖。利用三維錐形光束重建算法對(duì)該投影圖進(jìn)行處理,得到一組具有多灰度等級(jí)的斷層圖像,隨后通過高斯濾波及二值化處理得到馬來假吸血蝠耳廓的二值化圖像,最終將二值化圖像累計(jì)疊加得到用立方體體素構(gòu)成的馬來假吸血蝠耳廓的三維數(shù)字結(jié)構(gòu)。隨后通過人工處理,結(jié)合計(jì)算機(jī)圖像處理和三維可視化技術(shù)分別對(duì)馬來假吸血蝠耳廓結(jié)構(gòu)進(jìn)行填補(bǔ)耳屏分叉和整體剔除耳屏處理,得到原始耳廓三維數(shù)字結(jié)構(gòu)、填補(bǔ)耳屏分叉后的耳廓三維數(shù)字結(jié)構(gòu)和剔除耳屏的耳廓三維數(shù)字結(jié)構(gòu)。得到馬來假吸血蝠耳廓的不同三維數(shù)字結(jié)構(gòu)后,以耳廓三維數(shù)字結(jié)構(gòu)為基礎(chǔ),在耳道內(nèi)放置一個(gè)高斯脈沖點(diǎn)源最為激勵(lì)源,使用專業(yè)計(jì)算機(jī)進(jìn)行數(shù)值仿真計(jì)算,我們將計(jì)算區(qū)域人為地分為近場(chǎng)和遠(yuǎn)場(chǎng)。近場(chǎng)采用時(shí)域有限差分法得到近場(chǎng)聲場(chǎng)的聲壓幅度值;基于近場(chǎng)聲場(chǎng)的計(jì)算結(jié)果,利用基爾霍夫積分可得到遠(yuǎn)場(chǎng)聲場(chǎng)的聲壓分布。近場(chǎng)聲場(chǎng)的數(shù)值解可通過可以隨意移動(dòng)位置的三個(gè)相互垂直的平面表示,且近場(chǎng)聲壓分布中,顏色不同,所代表的的聲壓幅度值不同;遠(yuǎn)場(chǎng)聲場(chǎng)采用遠(yuǎn)場(chǎng)聲壓分布圖和聲場(chǎng)輻射波瓣圖表示,其中遠(yuǎn)場(chǎng)聲壓分布圖可以表示具體的遠(yuǎn)場(chǎng)幅值,遠(yuǎn)場(chǎng)波瓣圖可以表征聲場(chǎng)的方向性,應(yīng)重點(diǎn)關(guān)注其外形。通過分析馬來假吸血蝠耳廓不同的三維數(shù)字結(jié)構(gòu)的計(jì)算結(jié)果,得到結(jié)論如下:馬來假吸血蝠的耳屏及耳屏內(nèi)的分叉結(jié)構(gòu)不但會(huì)對(duì)近場(chǎng)聲壓幅度值的大小產(chǎn)生影響,而且對(duì)遠(yuǎn)場(chǎng)聲壓分布和形成遠(yuǎn)場(chǎng)接收方向性波瓣起一定的作用,且有明確的頻率選擇性。在對(duì)近場(chǎng)聲壓產(chǎn)生影響時(shí),耳屏的影響對(duì)象主要是耳廓內(nèi)的聲壓幅度值:高斯脈沖點(diǎn)源頻率為低頻和高頻時(shí),剔除耳屏后的耳廓內(nèi)聲壓幅度值相較于原始耳廓結(jié)構(gòu)中聲壓幅度值大且聲壓分布更均勻;高斯脈沖點(diǎn)源頻率為中頻時(shí),剔除耳屏后的耳廓內(nèi)聲壓幅度值相較于原始耳廓結(jié)構(gòu)中聲壓幅度值小,并且原始耳廓結(jié)構(gòu)內(nèi)聲壓分布相對(duì)更加均勻。在對(duì)遠(yuǎn)場(chǎng)聲壓分布和遠(yuǎn)場(chǎng)接收方向性產(chǎn)生影響時(shí),耳屏對(duì)聲壓分布和遠(yuǎn)場(chǎng)輻射波瓣圖中主瓣和旁瓣的分布產(chǎn)生影響,高斯脈沖點(diǎn)源頻率為低頻和高頻時(shí),依靠拆分主瓣從而形成兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上的旁瓣來完成信號(hào)的調(diào)節(jié);在高斯脈沖點(diǎn)源頻率為中頻時(shí),信號(hào)的調(diào)節(jié)通過將能量較弱的旁瓣合并成為能量強(qiáng)的主瓣來實(shí)現(xiàn)。
[Abstract]:As the only mammal in nature that has evolved the ability to fly, bats have a very sensitive and highly accurate biological sonar system. All kinds of bats of the subobjective of the small bat are a series of actions, such as the use of their own biological sonar system to complete the predation and environmental detection. the ultrasonic signals generated by the vibration of the vocal cords in the laryngeal cavity, the oral cavity and the nasal leaves are used as sound channels so that the ultrasonic signals are emitted outwards, The bat's ear receives the echo signal as the receiving portion of the biological sonar system. The current research shows that in the course of ultrasonic wave propagation, some of the biological sonar organs of the bat's head, such as the pinna, the ear shield, etc., will have an effect on the sound field of the bat during the propagation of the ultrasonic signal to the outside. The content of this paper mainly includes two parts: (1) to capture the study object and to complete the extraction of the motion track of the auricula pinus auriculata. after the samples of the Chinese chrysanthemum head bat are captured in a wild cave suitable for bat life, a high-resolution high-speed camera is used for shooting a chessboard grid picture with different angles and a picture of the binaural motion when the bat receives the sound signal, wherein the chessboard picture is used for camera calibration, The biaural motion map of the bat is used for extracting the two-dimensional point information of the artificial mark on the pinna of the bat, combining the calibration result of the camera and the two-dimensional point information of the pinna of the bat, and comprehensively obtaining the motion track of the biaural of the bat. (2) The study mainly consisted of three-dimensional reconstruction and numerical calculation of the pinna of the pialus malayensis. A high-resolution micro-CT scanner was used to carry out the X-ray scanning on the pinna structure of the Malay false-sucking bat as an experimental object to obtain the X-ray projection of the pinna structure of the Malay false-sucking bat. the projection is processed by a three-dimensional cone beam reconstruction algorithm to obtain a group of tomographic images with a multi-gray scale, and finally, the two-valued image is accumulated and superposed to obtain a three-dimensional digital structure of a Malay pseudo-blood bat pinna which is composed of a cubic body element. and then carrying out manual processing, and combining the computer image processing and the three-dimensional visualization technology to respectively fill the ear-screen branch and the whole elimination of the ear-screen processing on the pinna structure of the Malay pseudo-sucking blood bat, so as to obtain the three-dimensional digital structure of the original pinna, the three-dimensional digital structure of the auricle after the ear shield is divided and the three-dimensional digital structure of the auricle for removing the ear shield are filled. On the basis of the three-dimensional digital structure of the pinna, a Gaussian pulse point source is placed in the ear canal with the three-dimensional digital structure of the pinna, the most exciting source of a Gaussian pulse point source is placed in the ear canal, and the numerical simulation calculation is carried out by using a professional computer, and the calculation area is artificially divided into the near field and the far field. In the near field, a time-domain finite difference method is adopted to obtain the sound pressure amplitude value of the near field sound field, and based on the calculation result of the near field sound field, the sound pressure distribution of the far field sound field can be obtained by using the Kirchhoff integral. the numerical solution of the near-field sound field can be represented by three mutually perpendicular planes which can move freely, and in the near-field sound pressure distribution, the color is different, and the sound pressure amplitude value represented is different; and the far field sound field is represented by a far field sound pressure distribution diagram and a sound field radiation lobe diagram, in which the far field sound pressure distribution map can represent the specific far field amplitude value, the far field lobe diagram can be used to characterize the directivity of the sound field, and the shape of the sound field should be focused on. Through the analysis of the calculation results of the different three-dimensional digital structures of the auricle of the Malay pseudo-sucking bat, the conclusions are as follows: the ear shield of the Malay false-sucking bat and the branch structure in the ear shield can not only influence the size of the near-field sound pressure amplitude value, but also plays a role in the distribution of the sound pressure of the far field and the receiving of the directional lobe of the far field, and has a definite frequency selectivity. when the influence of the near-field sound pressure is influenced, the influence object of the ear shield is mainly the sound pressure amplitude value in the auricle: when the frequency of the Gaussian pulse point source is low-frequency and high-frequency, the sound pressure amplitude value of the auricle after the ear shield is removed is larger than the sound pressure amplitude value in the original auricle structure and the sound pressure distribution is more uniform; When the frequency of the Gaussian pulse point source is the intermediate frequency, the sound pressure amplitude value in the auricle after the ear shield is removed is smaller than the sound pressure amplitude value in the original auricle structure, and the sound pressure distribution in the original auricle structure is relatively more uniform. in that case of influence on the sound pressure distribution of the far field and the reception directivity of the far field, the acoustic pressure distribution and the distribution of the main lobe and the side lobe in the radiation lobe of the far field are affected by the ear shield, and the Gaussian pulse point source frequency is low frequency and high frequency, by splitting the main lobe to form two or more side lobes to complete the adjustment of the signal, the adjustment of the signal is achieved by combining the weaker side lobes into the energy-strong main lobe when the gaussian pulse point source frequency is an intermediate frequency.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：山東建筑大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2017
【分類號(hào)】：Q62

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本文編號(hào)：2331402