【摘要】：第四紀冰期對全球氣候造成了巨大的改變,影響了物種的繁殖演化、地理分布格局以及種群間的遺傳結(jié)構(gòu)。近年來,親緣地理學(Phylogeography)在推測物種的冰期避難所位置方面被廣泛應用。本研究以社鼠為研究對象,探究其在冰期時的避難所及其間冰期的擴散路線從而為研究該物種種群間的演化過程提供理論基礎,能夠為生物多樣性的保護提供理論基礎。同時也探討了溫度以及相關指標緯度和海拔是否對社鼠線粒體基因在選擇壓力作用的作用下產(chǎn)生了適應性進化。本研究首先通過線粒體Cyt b基因?qū)碜灾袊?7省243只社鼠復合體體進行分子界定,分析分子鑒定為社鼠的地理種群間的親緣關系、系統(tǒng)發(fā)育和歷史演化動態(tài),最后選取線粒體Cytb、ATP6和ATP8基因分析其在環(huán)境中的選擇壓力,進而探究社鼠的適應性進化。本文主要得到以下幾個結(jié)論:(1)社鼠的種群分布范圍明顯地比傳統(tǒng)認識的要小,在中國主要分布區(qū)應為云南、四川和長江以北地區(qū)。社鼠復合體種群在廣西、山東、西藏和云南等地存在著隱存種。(2)社鼠的分化主要是由于青藏高原的隆起引起氣候變化導致的,特別是昆黃運動后和冰期間冰期的多次回旋導致廣泛分布的社鼠種群多次退縮和擴張,由地理隔離產(chǎn)生多個地理譜系結(jié)構(gòu),但在各譜系的分布區(qū)地理關系上仍有重疊。(3)在冰期時,社鼠在南北方存在著多個避難所,但避難所之間依然存在著少數(shù)通道,能夠進行基因交流。末次冰期后,隨著氣候的回暖北方氣候的干燥,分布在華北地區(qū)的社鼠向東北和南擴張至長江一線。而存在于四川中部的群體則向東擴散。(4)選擇壓力分析,社鼠在選擇上主要受純化選擇的作用。線粒體Cytb和ATPase在溫度、緯度和海拔上并沒有表現(xiàn)出相應的變化趨勢。通過本研究證實以傳統(tǒng)形態(tài)學鑒定為社鼠的群體實則為社鼠復合體,而分布在長江以南地區(qū)的社鼠與海南白腹鼠N.lotipes構(gòu)成單系群。社鼠的演化是由于青藏高原隆起,冰期間冰期的多次回旋事件導致中國大陸氣候發(fā)生強烈地變化而在各自分布區(qū)內(nèi)產(chǎn)生譜系分化。廣泛分布的社鼠在適應環(huán)境各自分布區(qū)的環(huán)境形成其特有分布區(qū)的適應機制,與高原土著動物的適應性進化有著不同的分子適應機制。
[Abstract]:The Quaternary glacial period caused great changes to the global climate, which affected the reproduction and evolution of species, geographical distribution pattern and genetic structure among populations. In recent years, phylogenetic (Phylogeography) has been widely used to speculate on the location of glacial havens of species. In order to provide theoretical basis for the study of the evolution process of the species during the interglacial period and to provide a theoretical basis for the conservation of biodiversity, this study takes the rodent as the research object, and explores its refuge during the glacial period and its diffusion route during the interglacial period. At the same time, it was also discussed whether temperature, latitude and altitude could produce adaptive evolution of mitochondrial gene under selective pressure. In this study, the mitochondrial Cyt b gene was used to define the complex of 243 mice from 17 provinces in China, and the phylogenetic relationship, phylogeny and historical evolution of the population were analyzed. Finally, the selection pressure of mitochondrial Cytbtbtaphane ATPase 6 and ATP8 gene in the environment was analyzed, and the adaptive evolution of the mice was explored. The main conclusions of this paper are as follows: (1) the population distribution range of rodents is obviously smaller than that of traditional knowledge, and the main distribution areas in China should be Yunnan, Sichuan and the north of the Yangtze River. In Guangxi, Shandong, Tibet, Yunnan and other places, there are hidden species of rodent complex. (2) the differentiation of rodent is mainly caused by climate change caused by the uplift of Qinghai-Xizang Plateau. Especially after the Kun Huang Movement and the interglacial period, the widely distributed rodent population retreated and expanded many times, resulting in multiple geographical lineages from geographical isolation. But there is still overlap in the geographical relationship between the distribution regions of each pedigree. (3) during the glacial period, there were many shelters in the south and north, but there were still a few channels between the shelters, which were able to communicate with each other. After the last glacial period, with the warming of the northern climate, the rodents distributed in North China spread to the northeast and south to the Yangtze River. The population in the middle of Sichuan spread eastward. (4) selection pressure analysis showed that the selection of rodents was mainly affected by purification selection. Mitochondrial Cytb and ATPase did not show a corresponding trend in temperature, latitude and altitude. In this study, it was proved that the group identified by the traditional morphology as the rodent complex was actually a rodent complex, while the N.lotipes from the south of the Yangtze River constituted a monophyletic group. The evolution of the rodent is due to the uplift of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and the repeated interglacial events in the interglacial period, which led to the strong changes in the climate of the Chinese continent and the lineage differentiation in their respective distribution areas. The widely distributed rodents formed their own adaptive mechanisms in their respective distribution areas, which were different from the adaptive evolution of plateau native animals.
【學位授予單位】：山東大學
【學位級別】：碩士
【學位授予年份】：2017
【分類號】：Q958

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