本文選題：沿河淡化帶 + 生態(tài)輸水工程��； 參考：《聊城大學》2017年碩士論文

【摘要】：干旱內(nèi)陸河在豐水期,河道水在側(cè)滲補給作用下,向河道兩側(cè)延伸,沿途接納了土壤中的可溶性鹽分,鹽分隨水一起被推向水頭所能及之地,從而在河道兩側(cè)形成一定寬度的地下水質(zhì)和鹽分適宜,地下水埋深和土壤水分適中,適合多種荒漠植被生長的區(qū)域,稱為沿河淡化帶。塔里木河下游在生態(tài)工程的影響下形成了具有響應(yīng)輸水特征的沿河淡化帶。本文在多年實地監(jiān)測資料的基礎(chǔ)上,結(jié)合植被與土壤數(shù)據(jù),以面上分析與典型分析相結(jié)合,運用排序分類及時間序列等方法,探討了塔里木河下游沿河淡化帶的形成特征及對輸水的響應(yīng)規(guī)律;分析了沿河淡化帶水土環(huán)境與植被分布特征,闡明了沿河淡化帶植被類群及其對水鹽因子的多年響應(yīng)變化。研究結(jié)果表明:(1)沿河淡化帶形成與響應(yīng)規(guī)律。在博斯騰湖淡水水源的影響下,英蘇斷面多年資料表明,距河道450m范圍內(nèi)礦化度含量較低,而750m處接納了隨水而來的沿途可溶性鹽分,礦化度劇增。由此形成該斷面750m寬度的淡化帶;同樣,喀爾達依斷面形成了850 m的淡化帶范圍。沿河淡化帶的形成是循序漸進的過程,且有一定規(guī)律。運動水體受可溶性鹽分溶解作用,所到達處的地下水礦化度會有升高的波動,隨著輸水的繼續(xù)進行,礦化度會有所下降,但在淡化帶邊界會形成較高的礦化度值而不會下降。典型斷面英蘇,是在第5次輸水后初步形成沿河淡化帶范圍。(2)沿河淡化帶水土特征。生態(tài)輸水影響下,英蘇斷面的淡化帶內(nèi),距河道50m、250m、350m、450m地下水埋深分別為3.39m、5.10m、5.11m、5.17m,輸水間歇,地下水埋深分別增至5.21m、5.91m、6.27m、6.13m,距河道50m處的水位變化最大。而淡化帶外距河道750m、1050m的地下水埋深,輸水期為5.61m、6.26m;輸水間歇為6.74m和6.72m,1050m處的地下水位變化甚微。淡化帶內(nèi)地下水質(zhì)在輸水稀釋作用下,各離子含量值明顯小于淡化帶外,其中淡化帶外礦化度值是淡化帶內(nèi)平均值的11.4倍,差異較大。受降水少、蒸發(fā)強的極端干旱氣候影響,土壤中可溶性離子在強烈的“上行”蒸發(fā)作用下,近河道處土壤含水量高的生境,土壤鹽分含量也相對較高,而淡化帶外的高埋深低含水量的環(huán)境土壤鹽分含量相對要低;受多種植物間的殘體及根系分解作用影響,淡化帶內(nèi)土壤養(yǎng)分高于淡化帶外。(3)沿河淡化帶植被分布。在英蘇斷面,淡化帶內(nèi)共有植物7種,分屬于5科6屬。群落垂直結(jié)構(gòu)可分為喬木層、灌木層和草本植物層,水平方向呈鑲嵌分布。群叢類型為胡楊—檉柳—駱駝刺群落。淡化帶外共有植物2種,同屬檉柳科檉柳屬,群落垂直和水平結(jié)構(gòu)單一,為檉柳群叢。淡化帶內(nèi)近河道處為高豐富度低均勻度的物種多樣性組合特征,遠河道處為低豐富度高均勻度的組合特征;淡化帶外物種多樣性和豐富度低、但均勻度較高,反映出群落的不穩(wěn)定性。(4)沿河淡化帶與植被關(guān)系。排序分析將物種類群可分為:高水位適鹽植物類群,生存于適水-適鹽的生境類型,具有多物種-低蓋度與寡物種-高蓋度的群落特征;低水位適鹽植物類群,生存于低水位中鹽分區(qū)的生境類型,具有多物種-高蓋度的群落特征;低水位耐鹽植物類群,生存于低水位高鹽分區(qū)的生境類型,具有寡物種-低蓋度的群落特征。時間序列分析得出,地下水埋深多年變化在淡化帶內(nèi)、外都成逐年減小趨勢但趨勢不顯著(P0.05);淡化帶外地下水礦化度以二次曲線模型y=-0.0035x2-0.7866x+23.959(R2=0.8956,P0.01)顯著遞減;淡化帶外植被蓋度呈顯著的y=5.13x-1.6787(R2=0.5471,P0.05)的線性增長趨勢;而淡化帶內(nèi)植被的線性趨勢并不明顯;低礦化度、高水位的環(huán)境下,淡化帶內(nèi)物種分配利用資源基礎(chǔ)上,加之人為干擾,其物種多樣性表現(xiàn)為顯著的線性減小趨勢(P0.05);而淡化帶外,水鹽狀況逐年轉(zhuǎn)好未改變高礦化度、高埋深的環(huán)境本質(zhì),其多樣性保持較為穩(wěn)定的水平,線性遞減趨勢不顯著(P0.05)。
[Abstract]:The river water in the arid land is in the high water period. The river water is extended to both sides of the river under the lateral seepage supply, and the soluble salt in the soil is accepted along the way. The salt is pushed along with the water and is pushed to the head of water. Thus the water quality and salt of a certain width are formed on both sides of the river, and the depth of the groundwater and the soil water are moderate, so it is suitable for a variety of famine. The region of the desert vegetation is called the desalination zone along the river. Under the influence of ecological engineering, the lower reaches of the Tarim River formed a desalination zone with the characteristics of water transport. On the basis of monitoring data in the field for many years, combining with the data of vegetation and soil, this paper combines the analysis of the surface with the typical analysis, and uses the sort classification and time series, and so on. The formation characteristics of the desalination zone along the lower reaches of the Tarim River and its response to the water transport are discussed. The soil and water environment and the distribution characteristics of vegetation in the desalination zone along the river are analyzed. The vegetation groups in the desalination zone along the river and their multi-year response to the water and salt factors are clarified. The results show that (1) the formation and response law of the desalination zone along the river. Under the influence of the freshwater source of the lake, the data of the British Soviet section for many years show that the salinity in the 450m range is lower than that in the river course, while the soluble salt along the path along the route is accepted in 750m, and the mineralization degree increases dramatically. Thus, the desalination zone of the 750m width of the section is formed. Similarly, the desalination zone of 850 m has been formed in kalda's fault surface. It is a gradual process, and there is a certain regularity. The water body is dissolved by soluble salt, the salinity of underground water in the reach will fluctuate. With the continuous flow of water, the mineralization degree will decrease, but the higher mineralization value will not fall at the desalination zone boundary. The typical section, British Soviet, is fifth times. The water and soil characteristics along the river were initially formed. (2) the water and soil characteristics along the river desalination zone. Under the influence of the ecological water transport, the underground water depth of the channel 50m, 250m, 350m, 450m was 3.39M, 5.10M, 5.11m, 5.17m, and the water depth was separated to 5.21m, the depth of groundwater was increased to 5.21m, 5.91m, 6.27m, 6.13m, and the largest variation of water level from the river. The groundwater depth of 750m, 1050m, 5.61m, 6.26m, 6.26m, 6.74m and 6.72m, and little change in the groundwater level at 1050m. The value of each ion content in the desalinated zone is obviously less than the desalination zone, and the value of the desalination is 11.4 times the average of the desalination zone. The difference is great. Under the influence of the extreme drought climate with less precipitation and strong evaporation, the soluble ions in the soil, under the strong "uplink" evaporation, have high soil water content near the river, and the soil salt content is relatively high, while the salinity of the soil with high buried depth and low water content outside the desalination zone is relatively low; The soil nutrient in the desalination zone is higher than the desalination zone. (3) the vegetation distribution along the river desalination zone. On the English Soviet section, there are 7 species of common plants in the desalination zone, belonging to 5 families and 6 genera. The vertical structure of the community can be divided into arbor layer, shrub layer and herb layer, and the horizontal direction is inlaid distribution. The group type is the Chinese Tamarix Tamarix. Camel thorn community. 2 species of common plants were desalinated, and Tamarix was genus Tamarix of Tamarix. The vertical and horizontal structure of the community was single, and it was a cluster of Tamarix. The near channel in the desalinated zone was characterized by high abundance and low evenness. The far channel was the combination of low richness and high evenness; the diversity and richness of the species in the desalination zone were found. Low, but higher evenness, reflecting the instability of the community. (4) the relationship between the desalination zone along the river and the vegetation. The taxa can be divided into the high water level and salt tolerant plant groups, living in the habitats of suitable water and salt, with the characteristics of multi species low coverage and oligo high coverage; low water level salt plant groups, living in low water. The habitat type of the middle salt subregion has the characteristics of multi species and high coverage; low water level and salt tolerant plant groups, living in low water level and high salinity habitat types, with oligotaxis low coverage community characteristics. (P0.05); the two curve model y=-0.0035x2-0.7866x+23.959 (R2=0.8956, P0.01) decreased significantly in the desalination zone, and the coverage of the desalting zone was linearly increased in y=5.13x-1.6787 (R2=0.5471, P0.05), while the linear trend of the vegetation in the desalination zone was not obvious; the low salinity and the high water level were desalinated. On the basis of species distribution and utilization, and human disturbance, the species diversity of species shows a significant linear decreasing trend (P0.05), while the water and salt conditions in the desalination zone do not change high salinity year by year, the nature of high buried depth, the diversity of its diversity remains stable, and the linear decreasing trend is not significant (P0.05).
【學位授予單位】：聊城大學
【學位級別】：碩士
【學位授予年份】：2017
【分類號】：Q948

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