清初明遺民封建論研究
發(fā)布時(shí)間：2018-11-03 15:43
【摘要】：中國(guó)古代的地方行政體制大致可分為封建制和郡縣制這兩種基本形式,以始皇嬴政平定六國(guó)、一統(tǒng)天下為分水嶺,之前的先秦三代(即夏、商、周)主要以封建制為主,秦統(tǒng)一以后則以郡縣制為主,充分地適應(yīng)了大一統(tǒng)的專(zhuān)制主義中央集權(quán)的政治需要,對(duì)中國(guó)這一多民族的統(tǒng)一大帝國(guó)的發(fā)展做出了卓越的貢獻(xiàn)。但同時(shí),封建制卻沒(méi)有完全的消亡,而是若隱若現(xiàn)在秦以后的歷代王朝的統(tǒng)治之中,無(wú)論是大一統(tǒng)的中央王朝,還是亂世的割據(jù)王朝,都存在著各種不同形式的封建延續(xù),作為郡縣制的一種補(bǔ)充形式,在當(dāng)時(shí)產(chǎn)生并發(fā)揮了重要影響,有時(shí)甚至?xí)霈F(xiàn)封建制的反復(fù),成為造成亂世分裂的重要因素,深刻影響了中國(guó)歷史變革。正是由于封建制和郡縣制在歷史的長(zhǎng)河中交織出現(xiàn),也使得有關(guān)于封建和郡縣的爭(zhēng)論一直延續(xù),或是作為政治主張,或者作為學(xué)術(shù)論點(diǎn),甚至到了明末清初——這個(gè)已經(jīng)距離秦朝統(tǒng)治有一千八百年之久的時(shí)代,封建與郡縣制的討論伴隨著明末一系列重大變革的出現(xiàn)又一次達(dá)到了高潮。本文正是從明末清初這一較為特殊的歷史年代入手,選取這一時(shí)期極具代表性的明遺民作為切入點(diǎn),來(lái)研究明末清初這部分群體有關(guān)于封建的論調(diào),通過(guò)對(duì)其封建論主張的說(shuō)明和產(chǎn)生原因的分析,來(lái)闡釋這一時(shí)期明遺民對(duì)家國(guó)興亡的反思以及對(duì)后世的深遠(yuǎn)影響,并結(jié)合當(dāng)下實(shí)際,展現(xiàn)研究這一時(shí)期的封建論在當(dāng)代中國(guó)政治發(fā)展和變革中的重要意義。歷史上大多數(shù)的封建論并不是分裂論,其主旨并不在于反對(duì)國(guó)家的大一統(tǒng),或以封建制來(lái)推行分裂國(guó)家的主張,其出發(fā)點(diǎn)和目的,都是為維護(hù)與加強(qiáng)專(zhuān)制皇權(quán)和中央集權(quán),以最終實(shí)現(xiàn)國(guó)家統(tǒng)一、社會(huì)穩(wěn)定。而與之相比,明遺民封建論則在此基礎(chǔ)上更希望以弱化中央權(quán)力、加強(qiáng)地方權(quán)力等一系列措施,來(lái)制約傳統(tǒng)社會(huì)至高無(wú)上的皇權(quán),從而減輕中央對(duì)地方的壓迫,使地方社會(huì)、經(jīng)濟(jì)、文化等各方面都得以充分發(fā)展,這也是明末清初很多江南商家豪門(mén)的主要訴求。從當(dāng)代國(guó)家治理和社會(huì)政治文化建設(shè)的視角來(lái)看,這一訴求對(duì)于當(dāng)下中國(guó)共產(chǎn)黨所提倡的“推進(jìn)國(guó)家治理體系和治理能力現(xiàn)代化”也同樣有著重要的借鑒意義,使我們從古代賢哲的反思中吸取智慧,援引古代的政治經(jīng)驗(yàn)作為參照。因此從這方面來(lái)說(shuō),對(duì)于明末清初明遺民的封建論的系統(tǒng)研究有著不可替代的重要價(jià)值,值得我們下大力對(duì)之進(jìn)行深入的探究。
[Abstract]:The local administrative system in ancient China can be roughly divided into two basic forms: feudal system and prefectural system. Ying Zheng, the first emperor, settled the six countries and ruled the whole world as a watershed. Before the three dynasties before the Qin Dynasty (that is, Xia, Shang, Zhou), the feudal system was the main form. After the unification of Qin Dynasty, the prefectures and counties were the main system, which fully adapted to the political needs of the totalitarianism and centralism, and made remarkable contributions to the development of China, a multi-national unified empire. But at the same time, the feudal system did not die out completely, but appeared in the rule of the successive dynasties after Qin Dynasty. Whether it was the central dynasty of great unification or the severed dynasty in turbulent times, there were various forms of feudal continuation. As a supplementary form of the county system, it produced and exerted an important influence at that time, and sometimes even appeared the repeated feudal system, which became an important factor that caused the break-up of the turbulent times, and deeply affected the historical changes of China. It is precisely because the feudal system and the county system intertwined in the long history that there has been a debate about feudalism and counties that has continued, either as a political proposition or as an academic argument. Even in the late Ming and early Qing dynasties, which was 1800 years from the reign of the Qin Dynasty, the discussion between feudalism and the county system reached another climax with the emergence of a series of major changes in the late Ming Dynasty. This paper begins with the relatively special historical age of the late Ming and the early Qing Dynasty, and selects the representative people of the Ming Dynasty as the starting point to study the feudal arguments of this part of the group in the late Ming Dynasty and the early Qing Dynasty. Through the explanation of his feudal theory and the analysis of its causes, this paper explains the reflection on the rise and fall of his family and country in this period and its profound influence on later generations, and combines with the reality of the present. Show the significance of studying feudalism in contemporary Chinese political development and reform. Most feudalism in history is not divisionism. Its main purpose is not to oppose the unification of the country or to promote the idea of splitting the country with the feudal system. Its starting point and purpose are to safeguard and strengthen autocratic and centralized power. In order to finally achieve national unity, social stability. On the basis of this, the feudal theory of the people of the Ming Dynasty hoped that a series of measures, such as weakening the central power and strengthening the local power, would restrict the supreme imperial power in the traditional society, thus reducing the oppression of the central authorities on the localities and enabling the local society. Economy, culture and other aspects have been fully developed, which is also the main demand of many Jiangnan merchants in the late Ming and early Qing dynasties. From the perspective of contemporary national governance and social-political and cultural construction, this appeal is also of great significance for the "promoting the modernization of the national governance system and governance capacity" advocated by the Chinese Communist Party at present. So that we can draw wisdom from the reflection of ancient sages and quote the political experience of ancient times as reference. Therefore, from this point of view, the systematic study of the feudal theory of the Ming Dynasty and the early Qing Dynasty has an irreplaceable important value, which is worthy of our deep exploration.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：曲阜師范大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2016
【分類(lèi)號(hào)】：K249
本文編號(hào)：2308224
[Abstract]:The local administrative system in ancient China can be roughly divided into two basic forms: feudal system and prefectural system. Ying Zheng, the first emperor, settled the six countries and ruled the whole world as a watershed. Before the three dynasties before the Qin Dynasty (that is, Xia, Shang, Zhou), the feudal system was the main form. After the unification of Qin Dynasty, the prefectures and counties were the main system, which fully adapted to the political needs of the totalitarianism and centralism, and made remarkable contributions to the development of China, a multi-national unified empire. But at the same time, the feudal system did not die out completely, but appeared in the rule of the successive dynasties after Qin Dynasty. Whether it was the central dynasty of great unification or the severed dynasty in turbulent times, there were various forms of feudal continuation. As a supplementary form of the county system, it produced and exerted an important influence at that time, and sometimes even appeared the repeated feudal system, which became an important factor that caused the break-up of the turbulent times, and deeply affected the historical changes of China. It is precisely because the feudal system and the county system intertwined in the long history that there has been a debate about feudalism and counties that has continued, either as a political proposition or as an academic argument. Even in the late Ming and early Qing dynasties, which was 1800 years from the reign of the Qin Dynasty, the discussion between feudalism and the county system reached another climax with the emergence of a series of major changes in the late Ming Dynasty. This paper begins with the relatively special historical age of the late Ming and the early Qing Dynasty, and selects the representative people of the Ming Dynasty as the starting point to study the feudal arguments of this part of the group in the late Ming Dynasty and the early Qing Dynasty. Through the explanation of his feudal theory and the analysis of its causes, this paper explains the reflection on the rise and fall of his family and country in this period and its profound influence on later generations, and combines with the reality of the present. Show the significance of studying feudalism in contemporary Chinese political development and reform. Most feudalism in history is not divisionism. Its main purpose is not to oppose the unification of the country or to promote the idea of splitting the country with the feudal system. Its starting point and purpose are to safeguard and strengthen autocratic and centralized power. In order to finally achieve national unity, social stability. On the basis of this, the feudal theory of the people of the Ming Dynasty hoped that a series of measures, such as weakening the central power and strengthening the local power, would restrict the supreme imperial power in the traditional society, thus reducing the oppression of the central authorities on the localities and enabling the local society. Economy, culture and other aspects have been fully developed, which is also the main demand of many Jiangnan merchants in the late Ming and early Qing dynasties. From the perspective of contemporary national governance and social-political and cultural construction, this appeal is also of great significance for the "promoting the modernization of the national governance system and governance capacity" advocated by the Chinese Communist Party at present. So that we can draw wisdom from the reflection of ancient sages and quote the political experience of ancient times as reference. Therefore, from this point of view, the systematic study of the feudal theory of the Ming Dynasty and the early Qing Dynasty has an irreplaceable important value, which is worthy of our deep exploration.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：曲阜師范大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2016
【分類(lèi)號(hào)】：K249
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