北宋前期知制誥考論
本文選題:宋代 + 知制誥 ; 參考:《蘭州大學(xué)》2016年碩士論文
【摘要】:“以文書御天下”是中國固有的傳統(tǒng)。在帝制中國,正是以各種文書為手段和媒介,官僚體制的運作以及國家的日常統(tǒng)治才得以實現(xiàn)。而作為負(fù)責(zé)草擬中央重要文書的官員——詞臣,其接近權(quán)力中樞,在國家政治中的作用和意義不可輕忽。此外,就當(dāng)下宋代政治制度史的研究而言,以往那種從制度的典章條文出發(fā)、靜態(tài)的、文本式的研究路徑,已逐漸過渡為注重制度運作的實態(tài)、有過程、作為關(guān)系的制度史研究。是以,選擇北宋前期的知制誥這一職官,在梳理相關(guān)制度的基礎(chǔ)上,將其置于北宋前期的政治情勢中,注重與其他權(quán)力主體間的關(guān)系研究,是深化政治制度史研究的必要基礎(chǔ)。知制誥這一官職自唐代產(chǎn)生之初即是一種令外之官。正是伴隨著唐五代時期使職的擴大化、官與差遣分離之固定化以及“文”的價值日益提升等進(jìn)程,才由唐入宋,形成了北宋前期的知制誥。作為一種中樞秘書官,近百年來前人已對其有了很成熟的研究。基本厘清了知制誥的組織編制、選任標(biāo)準(zhǔn)、職能地位、草制程序及在政令頒行過程中的位置和作用等一系列的相關(guān)制度內(nèi)容;诖,本研究在前人基礎(chǔ)上分四章展開:第一章討論知制誥的職名化。北宋前期知制誥的性質(zhì)有外制差遣、內(nèi)制加銜和職名之別。在北宋前期,知制誥主要地是負(fù)責(zé)起草外制的差遣官,但在同時又漸漸地發(fā)生了品位化,亦可稱為職名化。其職名化發(fā)端于太宗雍熙二年(985)知制誥趙昌言將“知制誥”銜帶出京師而不草詞,并在此后成為慣例。真宗朝的知制誥銜可因入院、出院之差異在差遣和職名間雙向切換。神宗朝熙寧二年(1069)知制誥的職名范圍擴大到中央的三司,但并未普遍化。知制誥作為職名時之序列,一般在待制之上、直學(xué)士之下。第二章討論知制誥的兼官。最為此前之相關(guān)研究所忽略者,是知制誥官在本身之職權(quán)外,還兼領(lǐng)了眾多的中央他府機構(gòu)及其職事。主要的兼官,集中在銓選考課、司法監(jiān)察、文書奏進(jìn)及封駁和言事等原三省六部之外旁設(shè)的新生機構(gòu)。從制度設(shè)計的角度來講,其目的在于“省官而不廢事”和“事權(quán)合一”。此舉在擴大了知制誥官員職權(quán)的同時,其以皇帝側(cè)近身份掌之亦是權(quán)力向皇帝的集中。同時,知制誥作為重要的執(zhí)政后備人才,兼官之眾多且劇要,也是對知制誥官員的重視與歷練。第三、四章討論知制誥的職權(quán)演變。在北宋前期,知制誥之職權(quán)依政治情勢之不同而有所演變。太祖朝,草詞是基本職責(zé),知制誥備顧問的近臣特征尚不夠明顯。正式的外制詞臣除知制誥外尚有中書舍人。太宗即位初期,為掌控政局多以中書舍人和直舍人院掌外制,鮮有任命知制誥。朝政穩(wěn)定后,外制草詞權(quán)又轉(zhuǎn)移到了知制誥手中,并在此后制度化。在太宗朝,知制誥的近臣意義凸顯,并奠定了此后知制誥重文詞、多兼官、受重用、領(lǐng)外藩、職名化的特征。仁宗慶歷元年(1041)后的知制誥,因擁有了封駁權(quán)本身的職權(quán)有所擴大。但對封駁的功效不宜做過高的估計,封駁所體現(xiàn)出宋代制度運行中的權(quán)力制衡正是其價值所在。在神宗熙寧三年(1070)后,其職權(quán)多為直舍人院所分割。元豐五年正官名后,知制誥的外制差遣使命遂告終結(jié)。
[Abstract]:It is an inherent tradition of China to "protect the world with a document". In the Imperial China, it is the means and media of various instruments, the operation of the bureaucracy and the daily rule of the state. As an official responsible for drafting important central documents of the Central Committee, the CI minister, which is close to the center of power, can not be light on the role and significance of the state politics. In addition, as far as the study of the history of the political system of the Song Dynasty is concerned, the previous research path from the provisions of the system, the static and the text type, has gradually shifted to the reality of the system operation and the process, as a study of the system history of the relationship. On the basis of this, it was placed in the political situation in the early Northern Song Dynasty, paying attention to the study of the relationship with other powers, which was the necessary foundation for deepening the study of the history of the political system. As a kind of central Secretarial Officer, the predecessors had a very mature research on it in the last hundred years. It basically clarified the organization, the standard, the function status, the order of the grass system and the position and function in the process of the decree promulgation. On the basis of this, this study is divided into four chapters on the basis of the predecessors: the first chapter discusses the title of Zhi Gao. It can also be called the name of the title. Its name is in the two years of the emperor Yongxi (985) Zhao Changyan, who has brought the title of "know Gao" to the master and not the grass, and then became the Convention. To the three divisions of the Central Committee, but not universally. As the sequence of the title, he is generally under the system, under the direct bachelor's degree. The second chapter discusses the concurrently officer of Zhi Gao. From the point of view of the system design, the purpose of the new institutions is "provincial officials without waste" and "unity of power" from the point of view of the system design. At the same time, it expanded the power of the officials of the emperor to the emperor and the power of the emperor to the emperor as well as the emperor's power to the emperor. At the same time, the third, fourth chapter discussed the evolution of the functions and powers of Zhi Gao in the early Northern Song Dynasty. In the early Northern Song Dynasty, the authority of the emperor in the Northern Song Dynasty had evolved according to the different political situation. In the early stage of emperor Tai Zong, there were few appointments to the political situation in order to control the political situation. It has laid out the characteristics of the words of the later knowledge, which is more official, more official, reused, leading the vassal vassal and the name of the job. After the yuan year of the Qing Dynasty (1041), the power of the refutation power itself has been expanded. But the effect of the refutation should not be overestimated, and the power balance in the system of the Song Dynasty is its price. After three years (1070), the powers of Shen Zin Ning were mostly divided into the straight people's court. After Yuanfeng's official appointment in five years, the mission of the external system was terminated.
【學(xué)位授予單位】:蘭州大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】:碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】:2016
【分類號】:K244
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